Ask Questions about Illinois

Ask Questions about Illinois Making a decision about attending the University of Illinois is a big deal. Coming to this prestigious university has many perks and opportunities for development and growth. The more you know about the University of Illinois, the better your transition will be. When I was in my senior year of high school, I was admitted into the University of Illinois, and I accepted my offer thinking that was all there was to it. Until I actually got to the university, I didnt realize how big of a transition it was going to be. I could have benefited from asking more questions and taking  the time to fully understand the process of becoming a UIUC student, the rigor of the work load, and how to navigate campus successfully. Even though I held my own at UIUC my freshman year, I could have benefited from asking  more questions. Because I didnt ask questions, I ended up taking classes I did not have to take, and I did not know about the numerous resources available to students. I look back on those days and laugh at myself because of all the things I didn’t know. But then, I realized that it is okay to not know everything. Going forward, I will force myself to reach out and ask more questions. In order to maximize your college experience, start asking questions and gathering information now. This can be done in a number of ways, including the following: Taking an tour of campus Meeting with the advisor of your department Asking questions on the blog posts Asking friends who already attend UIUC whats its like to be a student here Looking at course requirements and 8 semester plans Attending on campus events your college is hosting I also would like to name a few on-campus resources and facilities that you may want to check out when you visit UIUC: Illinois Office of Undergraduate Admissions Krannert Center for the Performing Arts Illini Union The ARC and CRCE The Undergraduate Library, ACES library, Grainger Engineering Library, Main Library etc. (our library system is pretty outstanding!) Student Dining and Residential Programs building (They have great food, especially at Dons chophouse!) McKinley Health Center (for when you get the sniffles!) Office of Minority Student Affairs (OMSA) (I found a mentor here!) These are just a few of the dozens of places and resources you can visit and take advantage of at UIUC. Im grateful to be attending this university. I have grown and learned so much since being here! Immanuel Class of 2019 I am majoring in Agricultural and Consumer Economics within the College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences. I am from the northwest suburbs of Chicago. I chose the University of Illinois because of everything it can offer its students.

The Doctrine Of Divine Command Theory Essay - 1665 Words

Divine Command Theory â€Å"If God does not exist, then everything is permitted,† in other words, if there turns out to be no God then nothing is morally wrong. Someone who would believe a statement such as this one would most likely be in agreement with the Divine Command Theory---the reason being that the main claim in this theory is, all that is morally right, is right because God commands it so. Therefore in order to believe in the Divine Command Theory, one would need to be a strong believer in God---and would truly believe that if there were no God, morality would be absent. With this in mind, if God is the creator of all that is morally right, and there turns out to be no god at all, then nothing is morally wrong or can be capable of being morally wrong---would be a statement that non-believers of the Divine Command Theory would believe, and believe that morality can exist on its own, with or without a God. In this paper I will focus on the Divine Command Theory in rela tion to the statement above, and those who would oppose this statement. In doing so, I will attempt to show why I believe that those opposing this statement have a more plausible view. First, I will explain what Divine Command Theory is in more detail, and why someone would believe this theory because of its claims to morality. Robert Mortimer is the creator of this theory and he makes many claims as to why God is the sole reason that morality exists. First, it must be known that people reject the ideaShow MoreRelatedThe Doctrine Of The Divine Command Theory Essay1434 Words   |  6 Pagespaper argues that Utilitarianism is a better ethical theory than many others proposed like the Divine Command Theory, which is the concept that morality is tied strictly to God and Immanuel Kant’s Duty Defined Morality, which has two distinct moral imperatives, because utilitarianism focusses on the benefit of the many which far outweighs the well-being of a single person. 2. Explanation of Philosophical Views The Divine Command Theory is a theory that morals are solely connected to religious beliefRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Divine Command Theory1377 Words   |  6 Pagessome of the most thought provoking theories and ideas from some of the greatest philosophers. One of those theories is the Divine Command theory. The Divine Command theory tries to explain the relation between God and what is morally correct and there have been many philosophers who have taken very opposing views on the theory in order to determine of society should accept this theory. According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Divine Command theory is â€Å"the view that morality is somehowRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Divine Command Theory884 Words   |  4 PagesThe divine command theory states that â€Å"An act is morally required just because it is commanded by God and immoral just because God forbids it† (Shafer-Landau, The Fundamentals of Ethics, p.67). In interviewing an Elder of a local Jehovah’s Witness congregation on the ethics involved in religion, he agreed that the divine command theory is correct, and that there are many commands and things that are forbidden in the bible that are considered to be God’s standards for the way we live our lives. ButRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Divine Command Theory1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe Divine Command Theory dictates that â€Å"An act is morally required just because it is commanded by God, and immoral just because God forbids it (Shafer-Landau 65).† This view is often a ccepted by religious people as the basis for morality; the morality of an action is determined by whether or not it is commanded by God. However, there are multiple problems presented by this line of thinking. One of the most common arguments against this theory is known as the Euthyphro Dilemma, derived from Plato’sRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Divine Command Theory1488 Words   |  6 Pagesmorality is centered on assessing the ethical implications of us as people. Who we ought and be, and what actions we ought to take or avoid based on an understanding of the scripture and relevant human experiences. I do not subscribe to the divine command theory (DCT) of ethics, as I believe you can have ethics without God. The DCT proposes that what is morally right is what God has commanded (for example, love thy neighbor), and what is forbidden by God is morally wrong (i.e. murder), yet there areRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Divine Command Theory914 Words   |  4 PagesRachels describ es the Divine Command theory as weak because it makes morality mysterious. According to the Divine Command Theory, nothing is good nor bad, unless God’s thinking makes it so. For example, child abuse. Child abuse is wrong, but according to this theory, it is neither right nor wrong (because the God’s have not commanded it so). If the God’s were to command that child abuse was right, this still does not make child abuse right, so therefore this theory is untenable and makes us furtherRead MoreThe Divine Command Theory And The Doctrine Dilemma Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesThe Divine Command Theory is the idea that morality is ingrained in the nature and command of God, and the Euthyphro Dilemma is one of the most common arguments refuting the Divine Command Theory. The argument was inspired by Plato’s Euthyphro dialogue, which contains the question â€Å"Are morally good acts willed by god because they are morally good? Or are morally good acts, mor ally good because they are willed by god?† (Euthyphro, 10a). This question raises large problems for the Divine Command TheoryRead MoreThe Divine Command Theory And Euthyphro Problem Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesIn this paper, I will discuss about the Divine Command Theory and Euthyphro Problem and show how the Euthyphro Problem makes the Divine Command Theory morality arbitrary. Also, I will discuss why one does not have to reject the belief in God due to the Divine Command Theory cannot give a satisfactory answer to the Euthyphro Problem. First, I will define what the Divine Command Theory is and discuss its attractive features that answer the problem about the objectivity of ethnics. Second, I will defineRead MoreThe Divine Command Theory : Capital Punishment And Abortion Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesThe Divine Command Theory is the assertion in ethics that an action is morally right if, and only if, it conforms to God’s will. This premise ties together moralit y and religion in a manner that seems expected, since it provides a solution to arguments about moral relativism and the objectivity of ethics. On the other hand, in Plato’s Euthyphro, Socrates questions whether something is right because God commands it, or whether God commands it because it is right. The ethical implications of theRead MoreDeontological and Teleological Ethical Theory1660 Words   |  7 Pagesof Teleological Ethics 1. Utilitarianism – Utilitarian moral theory is classical utilitarianism, 2. Varieties of ancient Greek virtue ethics – Aristotle Ethics is an Example a. The goal of ethics is to explain how one achieves the good life for human beings. There are only two basic kinds of prescriptive moral theories: teleological theories, deontological theories TELEOLOGICAL ETHICAL THEORIES Teleological moral theories locate moral goodness in the consequences of our behavior and not

Essay about The Water Pollution Crisis - 1478 Words

Throughout history, Humans have created widespread urbanization, advanced technology, worldwide industries, and extraordinary markets. Humans are working toward a common goal of making profit. The problem with the desire for money is that humans will often sacrifice the environment to reduce costs. When this happens, nature suffers. There are government regulations to protect the environment yet many people choose to ignore these laws. One aspect of the environment that humans have been mistreating for centuries is water. Water is necessary for life of all living creatures yet humans still continue to contaminate the water systems. Water pollution is a problem throughout the world and it is not something that just effects a particular†¦show more content†¦Humans working for Royal Caribbean made the wrongful decision to allow the seas to be polluted which inevitably affects the environment. This was no accident or malfunction of any ship. In the case of the ever-famous Exxon Valdez oil spill, the accident took place because the company did not invest funds in the safe transport of such a harmful product. Australian waters have numerous problems with sea dumping. According to a report filed by the Australian government, there are vessels being dumped off the coast of Australia[4]. A law was passed to prohibit the dumping of vessels because they could potentially obstruct shipping channels or interfere with fishing. In the past, Australians have seen obsolete ammunition, organic refuse, chemicals and other wastes being dumped into their waters[4]. Non-point sources include numerous locations of drainage spread over an area. There are five main types of non-point sources of water pollution: agricultural fields, feedlots, construction sites, septic tank drainage, and street runoff. Agricultural fields are a major contributor to water pollution. When excess pesticides and fertilizers do not absorb correctly into the soil they wash away and contaminate the water system. Farmers must be careful handling and mixing nutrient products away from water sources. Animal feedlots create water pollution from the excess nutrients in the soil due to the animal excrement. Manure and livestock wastes mustShow MoreRelatedWater Shortage And Pollution Of Water Source Crisis3001 Words   |  13 Pagesfresh drinking water on Earth, and water shortage is becoming increasingly apparent. According to the national geographic, freshwater  makes up a very small fraction of all water on the earth. While nearly 70 percent of the world is covered by water , only 2.5 percent of it is freshwater. The rest is saline and ocean-based. Even then, just 1 percent of our freshwater is easily accessible, most of it trapped in glaciers and snowfields. Therefore, only 0.007 percent of the planet s water is availableRead MoreThe Water Pollution Crisis Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pagesresult of our own hands is water pollution. Humans are always in constant struggle with nature. We are always trying to overcome it, and many times we succeed. However, its those times that we turn our backs for that split second, that we will pay an eternity for. The world is involved and entangled in one of the biggest battles one could imagine. The great bodies of water are becoming contaminated before our eyes, and more importantly, by our own hands. Water pollution has turned into a global concernRead MoreEffects Of Water Pollution Worldwide Crisis1857 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION: WATER POLLUTION-WORLDWIDE CRISIS The earth is facing a lot of environmental crises today, which humans have caused. To make life more comfortable, Humans have advanced in technology to such extent that it has reached every corner of the world. Bent on improving the conditions of life for humans without giving attention to what affect this development will have on other types of life on earth. Everyone is so caught up in paying attention to the growing industries and the growth of theRead MorePollution And Its Effects On Humans1131 Words   |  5 PagesPollution 1. The Problem I. Pollution is killing Earth a. Smoke from cars b. Pesticides c. Toxic waste in water II. Air pollution a. Causes problems with Earth and Humans i. Allergies ii. Weaken immune system iii. Cause/ make asthma and bronchiolitis worse iv. Cause heart problems III. Water pollution a. Kill our source of food i. BP oil spill harmed many animals b. Flint water crisis i. No clean water to drink, shower, or cook with c. Causes diseases IV. Ways to clean up planet a. Change the wayRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of The Lake Erie1474 Words   |  6 PagesLast summer in Toledo, toxic algae blooms contaminated the drinking water supply of 400,000 people (Toledo water crisis, par. 1). Algae, like all organisms, normally grow in balance with their ecosystems, limited by the amount of nutrients in the water. But sometimes, algae can reproduce very rapidly, which causes damage. Harmful algal blooms have been increasing in the United States to the point where they occur along most of the coastlines and are common in many places: Specifically, Lake ErieRead More Adapting Canada to the Future of a World With Scarce Water Essay1623 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Water is just more than drinking water. Water is the most basic and vital resource that humans need to sustain themselves. Water is used for food production from irrigating crops to actually manufacturing them. Canada like the world, uses water for sanitation, cleaning, manufacturing and daily function. Demand and supply will soon be at a crossroad, as increasing population creates increases in pollution, waste-water and global warming (Baker, 2007). This paper will seek to examineRead MoreWater Crisis : A Clean Water Source1657 Words   |  7 PagesPhillips Ms. Willena Moye English 1101 20 April 2017 Water Crisis in Kenya In the United States, there is one trillion gallons of water wasted (Mooney). Water is being wasted every day in the US by: leaky faucets, malfunctioning toilets and faulty sprinkler systems. While water is being wasted in the US, many underdeveloped countries such as Kenya struggle to have clean water. Many of the Kenyan residents struggle every day to find a clean water source. In the continent of Africa there lies KenyaRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On African People1744 Words   |  7 PagesAn organization describes the effects of water pollution on the african people. Using a blog titled as â€Å"Ghana Water Project† to inform those who are coping with water pollution how serious the issue is, providing solutions to those who want to grasp the issue and take it in their own hands, and supply contact information to our research and the Safe Water Network. The Safe Water Network will receive donation that are given through our blog. The Safe Water Network is an o rganization that began inRead MoreIs China A Water Solution?914 Words   |  4 Pagesthis water crisis for decades yet have not anything extremely effective to combat the turmoil as a result of a corrupt government, political issues and lack of money in cities needing help the most. The state have made evident effort to combat water shortages yet limited efforts have been made to improve their water quality, consequently resulting in the water pollution worsening. The Chinese government, to reduce the amount of toxic waste and sewage polluting drinking sources, has built water treatmentRead MoreWhen Will Lebanon Ever Be At Peace? Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pagesgarbage is not new for Lebanese, but over the summer it had increased drastically, developing into a crisis with no solution until now. This problem began with the termination of Sukleen’s contact and the closure of some landfills. The reason behind finding no appropriate solution is unknown yet, whether it is blamed on the people or the government, but an answer must be found since this crisis not only wrecks the image of Lebanon for immigrants, but affects the health of everyone living in cities

E Commerce, Traditional Brick And Mortar Businesses And...

Advancements in technology have reshaped the way we behave as consumers. Today’s commerce is turning digital. Consumers are becoming more aware of electronic commerce and the security concerns that come with e-commerce. This study will outline the differences of traditional commerce and electronic commerce, and how and why it is changing the market place. A survey was also completed, a sample of 66 undergraduates. Showed a positive outlook on the future of e-commerce. A little over half â€Å"57.8%† responded saying they still find it difficult to spend a vast amount of money while purchasing a good online. This paper will outline the pros and cons of e-commerce, traditional brick and mortar businesses and consumer behavior. Introduction†¦show more content†¦Research in ecommerce and consumer behavior will help me better understand the market and my future customers. To complete this study, I have collect data and information from journal articles, newspapers and other media. I feel there is room for more successful online businesses and in the future, I personally want to compete in the online marketplace. Building customer relationships and trust is hard for any business. Most of studies that I have look at shows consumers react to security, mainly processing payment and personal data online. I question if a consumer security concerns decreases when shopping at a well known brand such as Walmart.com and if the same applies for any online brand that gives an impression that they are a million dollar company even though they are actually a mom and pop store from a small suburb. Literature Review Internet access is practically everywhere in the United States, schools, restaurants, libraries, retail stores, and even in random parts of some towns sometimes providing free Internet access. The emergence of ecommerce resulted to increased competition among businesses and is changing the traditional brick  ¬and ¬ mortar businesses to an online based operations as a strategy to remain competitive (Hahn, Doh Bunyaratavej, 2009, p. 12). Online sales only made up 5.7% of retail sales in 2013. In 2005 2.4% of sales came from online

Megaloblastic Anemia free essay sample

Megaloblastic anemias ?Definition: groups of anemias characterized by macrocytosis (in the peripheral blood) and megaloblastic changes in the bone marrow. ?The megaloblasts are large blasts – bone marrow. ?In periphery= macrocytosis= macrocytic anemia ?Cause: IMPAIRED DNA SYNTHESIS due to folate/ B12 deficiency ? Vitamin B12 is involved in the synthesis of methionine from homocysteine;methionine is necessary for the synthesis of myeline; B12 deficiency will explain the neurological manifestation, because of demyelination. Also B12 is involved in the reaction that transforms folic acid from inactive form (methyl TH4) in the active form (TH4). ?Folic acid is involved in biosynthesis of nucleic acids (DNA) DNA synthesis impairment: ?Affects tissues with rapid turnover: hematopoietic precursors, gastrointestinal epithelial cell ? Takes longer for nucleus to mature, but cytoplamic synthesis is not affected = Larger cells = megaloblastic haematopoiesis Megaloblastic changes in the b one marrow (BM): ?On the erythroid line: abnormal precursors of erythrocytes called megaloblasts (large cells) ? On the granulocytic line: gigantic metamyelocytes On the megacariocytic line: large megacariocytes, with polilobulated nucleus. We will write a custom essay sample on Megaloblastic Anemia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ?Because of the destruction of the abnormal precursors in the BM (ineffective erythropoiesis, granulopoiesis, megacariopoiesis) on the hemogram we have macrocytic anemia/ leucopenia/trombocytopenia. ?On the peripheral blood smear: macrocytes, hypersegmented neutrophils. Source for both B12 and folate: exogenous. B12: ?Source: animal (meat, dairy products); usually dietary intake far exceeds needs = a deficiency is almost always due to malabsorbtion (exception: true vegetarians and their breast-fed infants). ?1 ? g is necessary every day. Liver deposits last about 3-5 years. ?Serum level: 200-600pg/ml. ?Absorption takes place in the terminal ileonum and is dependant of intrinsic factor (IF, Castle’s) secreted by parietal cells of the stomach, the same cells that secrete chlorhidric acid. ?Transcobalamin II is responsible for transporting vit. B12. Causes of deficiency I. Dietary deficiency (true vegetarians) II. Malabsorption: 1. Lack of intrinsic factor: pernicious anemia, ga strectomy, congenital defect of IF 2. Diseases of the terminal ileonum: tropical sprue, celiac diseases, Crohn disease, Resections, cancer, selective malabsorption of vit. B12 (Immerslund sdr. ) 3. Intestinal consumption of Vit. B12: PARAZITES (Botriocefal), bacteria 4. Drugs: colchicine, neomicine III. Transport and usage defects: congenital deficiency of TC II, excess of TC I and TC III with high affinity for vit. B12 (chronic myeloproliferative diseases), long exposure to NO, enzymathic defects (meilmalonuria, homocistinuria) Pernicious anemia- Addison Biermer disease ?Autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of auto-antibodies against parietal cells and against IF, resulting in atrophic gastritis and malabsorption of B12 due to IF deficiency. For the autoimmune mechanism plede the presence of anti IF antibodies in 70% of the patients, the association with other autoimmune diseases ( Basedow disease) ? Onset after 40 years, higher incidence in nordic countries ? Patients present anemia, pallor, jaundice, glossitis, mild splenomegaly, neurological and psychiatric manifestations: paresthesias, weakness, dementia, incontinence, paraplegia. Labo ratory evaluation: macrocytic anemia (MCV100 fl) leucopenia, trombocytopenia blood smear: macrocytes, hypersegmented neutrophils reticulocytes-low BM: megaloblastic changes LDH ^, low serum cobalamine (

The above statement and discuss its accuracy in relation to airspace and subterranean space Essay Example

The above statement and discuss its accuracy in relation to airspace and subterranean space Essay The law concerning airspace and subterranean space appears to be exceptionally complex and to an extent even outdated. Sir William James attempt to clarify the law using the Latin maxim cuis est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos1 seems to have created even more legal uncertainty and appears to have done more harm than good. The maxim is now subject to vast exceptions as well as having been denounced by contemporary legal commentators and even senior judges. This essay will explore the accuracy of Sir William James judgement; it will also question the argument that the maxim is still considered the ordinary rule of law2 and will look at how modern land law has gone about dealing with the legal confusion caused by this judgement, focusing primarily on airspace and subterranean space. Firstly, in order to explain the above statement, it may be beneficial to look closely at the facts of the case in which the judgement was made (Corbett v Hill 1870)3. In brief, the case concerned the trespass of land where the claimant failed in attempting to seek an injunction to stop the defendant building a room over-looking the claimants property. After citing the maxim as being the ordinary rule of law4, Sir James admitted its exceptional level of legal ambiguity and even conceded that no doubt, [the maxim] is frequently rebutted5, especially in regards to property in towns [by] other adjoining tenements6. We will write a custom essay sample on The above statement and discuss its accuracy in relation to airspace and subterranean space specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The above statement and discuss its accuracy in relation to airspace and subterranean space specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The above statement and discuss its accuracy in relation to airspace and subterranean space specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Thus, in relation to the accuracy of the statement, one must appreciate the case is from the 19th century; during a time when technology had not progressed as much as it has today and accordingly airborne methods of transport had not yet been invented. This meant trespassing through the higher levels of airspace would not have been an issue and consequently, detailed legislation regarding the law of airspace may not have been considered necessary at the time. Hence, it may be argued that Sir William James simply cited the maxim with the intention of it serving merely as a rough direction of law but, unaware of the rapid advancement of technology within the 21st century, and so the inventions of aeroplanes and other methods of aerial transport have subsequently required clarification within the law of airspace and have demonstrated the impracticality of applying the maxim in modern times. Inevitably, the judgement has caused vast legal uncertainty and for this reason has been at the centre of immense criticism from both legal commentators7 as well as even senior judges. The suggestion that a land owner has complete control of everything up to the sky and down to the centre of the earth is not only practically unrealistic, but also, theoretically delusional which has resulted in Sprankling8 dismissing the maxim as merely a poetic hyperbole9 suggesting its over-dramatic implications regarding a landowners rights in airspace and subterranean land. This criticism is supported by Lord Wilberforce who has openly criticized the maxims feasibility as being sweeping, unscientific and impractical10. Furthermore, its implication that land is only measureable on a two-dimensional level (in terms of its physical structure) is an argument that has been strongly dismissed by Gray and Gray (2009)11 who claim that portions of a land may be owned by several different owners and thus claim that a transfer of a merely two-dimensional plot of land would have little meaning and even less utility12. They argue that a third dimension of land should have been recognised within the maxim and should now be explicitly acknowledged by the courts as they believe it can exist as as an independent unit of real property13. Gray and Gray (2009) further criticise the maxim for being virtually worthless suggesting it holds very little, if any, legal value in the modern legal system. Hence, these strong dismissals and denunciations of the maxim by senior academics and legal professionals may be argued as representing the modern attitude towards it; suggesting its significance in modern land law is not as much as it was when cited in the 19th century or at the time of its creation. Inevitably, as a result of the vast legal ambiguity and immense criticism that the judgement has faced, a major attempt to rectify the confusion regarding airspace finally came about with the establishment of the terms the lower stratum and the upper stratum. Although these terms appeared to contradict the maxim, they created a groundbreaking change in the law of airspace by splitting airspace into two categories. The lower stratum is that which was necessary for the landowners reasonable enjoyment. In Bernstein14 it was held that determining the requirement of reasonable enjoyment15 is dependent on the type, height and size of the property. Whereas, the upper stratum is that which is above the height which is reasonably necessary for the ordinary enjoyment16. In Bernstein17, Griffiths J also stated that a landowner has no greater rights in the upper stratum than any other member of the public. This is also identically reflected with the obiter dicta of Lord Brown in Bocardo SA (2010)18 where he stated that the air is a public highway19 and if that was not true then every transcontinental flight would subject the operator to countless trespass suits. 20 Both statements appear to be valid and rational as there can be no private ownership of airspace which is entitled to the public. However, both of these statements appeared to be expressly undermined in Kelsen (1957)21 where it was held that the placing of an advertisement banner on (the upper stratum of) another persons land, although did not interfere with the defendants reasonable enjoyment, yet still constituted a trespass. This judgement can be criticised on the basis that it appears to overtly contradict the basic judgement in Bernstein and the consequently conventional principle that the upper stratum is open for the use of the public and that the landowner has no greater rights to it over any other public. However, in Liaqat v Majid22, Silber J justly diverged from the judgement in Kelsen23 and rightfully re-emphasized the principle established in Bernstein24 stating where the interference of land was at a height that did not interfere with the claimants airspace25 then it does not constitute a trespass. This principle was further re-emphasized in Manitoba and Air Canada (1978)26 in which the state of Manitoba argued that goods being sold on an aeroplane flying over Manitoba could be subjected to domestic taxing. Prima facie, it appears that if the maxim is applied retrospectively then technically Manitoba argument should be accepted, however, the maxim was again dismissed by the court and the claim failed as they emphasized the judgement in Bernstein27 that there can be no ownership of the upper stratum. The inaccuracy of the maxim is further demonstrated by the enactment of The Civil Aviation Act (1982)28. Section 76(1)29 discusses grounds for trespass30 and nuisance31 stating that no action can arise if an aircraft is flying over a property, providing it has shown consideration to the wind, weather and so long as all circumstances of the case [are] reasonable. The wording of this statute appears to be as equally ambiguous as the maxim itself in the sense that it leads to the question how would a mere bystander or a reasonable man know if an aircraft has had taken the wind and the weather into consideration and that all the circumstances of his flight are reasonable before establishing if his/her airspace had been trespassed?. Although there are exceptions for aeroplanes landing and taking off, the general rule stated in the Rules of the Air (Amendment) Regulations 200532 is that it is not permissible for an aircraft to fly any closer than 500 feet to any person, vessel, vehicle or structure. 33 Both statues have considerably clarified the confusion regarding invasion of airspace and have further demonstrated the inaccuracy of Sir James statement. Additionally, Gray and Gray (2009)34 further go on to emphasise the importance of remedies for trespass in modern land law. In particular, the rise in privacy laws such as Article 8(i) of the European Convention on Human Rights35, which give landowners the right to respect of his private and family life, his home and his correspondence36, have also had a big impact on modern land law. The question that subsequently arises is how does the law protect a landowner from invasion of his airspace or violation of his convention rights? The answer to this is damages are available on the grounds of trespass37 or nuisance38. It should be noted that trespass does not have to include damage to the property and can simply be interfering or crossing over onto another property without lawful consent. This is demonstrated in Lewvest Ltd (1982)39 where the court held that construction cranes which operated over the upper stratum40 of the claimants property constituted a trespass and thus, the defendants were required to pay damages. Prima facie, this judgement can be criticised on the basis that there was no direct or indirect damage to the claimants property as the claimant did not even suffer any physical loss but it was merely the defendant attempting to make use and benefit out of the claimants airspace. Consequently it may also be argued that the cranes were being operated on the upper stratum of the claimants property as it was out of the level of that which was necessary for the claimants reasonable enjoyment41 and so under the Bernstein principle that there is no ownership of the higher stratum. On the other hand, one can understand why the courts came about this judgement. In particular, the flood gates argument comes to mind in that, if the court held that large construction companies were able to use machinery over nearby property without facing any legal charges, this would cause an enormous influx of cases on the grounds of both trespass and nuisance. Hence, with the benefit of hindsight it appears that the judgement was valid. Similarly, there has been a substantial attempt to clarify the meaning, scope and invasion of the lower stratum through the aid of subsequent case law. Everyday scenarios such as cutting off your neighbours overhanging branches have been declared lawful however, after cutting the branches off they must be returned to the neighbour (Lemon v Webb)42. Subsequently, taking the fruits off the branch either for personal benefit or to sell them on has been declared unlawful (Mills v Brooker)43. It may be argued that all these judgements (regarding both the upper and lower stratum) have drastically moulded the modern law of airspace in an attempt to adapt to the lifestyle of the 21st century; in particular acknowledging the development of technology and airborne methods of transport. However, there still seems to be some unanswered questions which remain; for example, if a child playing football accidently kicks the ball over the fence does that encompass trespass? Alternatively, if youre next door neighbours pet comes into your garden and eats the food youve left for your pet does that include trespass? Likewise, the decision in Lemmon and Webb (date)44 appears to answer the obvious question regarding over-hanging branches, but fails to explicitly recognise or answer the somewhat un-obvious questions. For example, if someone puts their hand across the garden fence to try and cut a tree belonging to them but over-reaches onto their neighbours side of the garden; does this constitute trespass? Although, these are mere policy arguments and are not as common as the cases cited above, these scenarios should be taken into consideration by the courts and clarified before possible future cases arise and thus avert them from causing even more confusion regarding airspace. In relation to subterranean land, the maxim has caused just as much legal uncertainty and confusion as it has in regards to airspace. Although, it is certainly true in stating that a land owner has rights to land under the soil, however, the suggestion that these rights go down to the centre of the earth is equally as misleading as the suggestion his rights go up to the sky. The general rule regarding subterranean land, in particular treasure, is that if an item found fits under the definition of treasure (as defined in the Treasure Act 1996)45 then it automatically belongs to the crown. Under this definition, treasure is any object at least 300 years old with a metallic content of which at least 10% is precious metal. Subsequent case law has determined that, minerals, treasures and other inorganic substances which are found underneath the grounds of the owner all belong to landowner46. However there are exceptions regarding coal47 which has not been worked on and petroleum48; both of which belong to the Coal Authority and the Crown respectively. Gray and Gray (2009) further state that the landowner has no absolute title to the water that flows through his/her land whether it is through a channel or river. Although, in Embrey (1851) it was declared that the landowner has the right to reasonably enjoy the flow of water, however, this was later amended in John Young Co [1893] where it was held that this right only exists providing that the flow of water or its purity is not diminished for others to use. Likewise, in Fothringham (1984)49 it was held that the landowner has the right to fish in the water flowing through his land as far as he can reach by normal casting or spinning50. This was later strengthened and clarified in Nicholls[1936]51 where it was held that the landowner has the right to the fish once he/she catches and kills them they then become his/her property. As subterranean land is included within a landowners property, it is therefore possible to constitute trespass through the subterranean zone; the area beneath the land which is owned by the landowner. Subsequent case law has demonstrated various ways in which trespass of the subterranean zone have occurred including trespass via entry to a cave as demonstrated in Edwards (1930)52 or alternatively by installing sewage and draining pipe underneath the owners land without lawful consent or authorisation from the landowner as was the case in Roberts (2001). 53 Consequently, before identifying if there can be a possible claim of adverse possession, there are certain statutory and common law requirements which need to be fulfilled. These statutory requirements are listed within the Limitation Act (1980)54 which state that no action can be brought by a landowner in an attempt to recover his land after the expiration of twelve years from the date on which the right of action accrued to him, or from the date on which the right accrued to some person through whom he claims. The right of action is perceived as having accrued once a landowner has been dispossessed of his land or has discontinued use of it. In terms of airspace it is both practically and legally impossible for adverse possession of the higher stratum. This is because the higher stratum has been identified as being open for the use of the public55. Likewise, in terms of adverse possession of subterranean land, though it appears theoretically and to some extent lawfully possible however, it appears impractical and unfeasible. Moreover, in regards to classifying landowners subterranean rights including that of adverse possession, legal commentator Dr Jean Howel56 suggests that the same test that has been applied by Griffiths J in Bernstein57 should also be applied to identify ownership of subterranean land. This argument appears to be supported by the Supreme Court in Bocardo SA v Star where the court reduced damages in regards to subterranean trespass. They did so on the grounds that the defendants actions occasioned no harm whatsoever to the land and more importantly it did not interfere with Bocardos [the claimants] use or enjoyment of its land58. This judgement appears to be sensible and makes a substantial attempt to clarify the law regarding subterranean land by referencing the reasonable enjoyment of land principle established in Bernstein. However, although the principle seems to be an established precedent, it may be criticised for lacking practicality in regards to how it can be applied to subterranean land. The biggest problem being how would one classify what is reasonably necessary for enjoyment in terms of land under the ground? It is not as easy as classifying the lower and upper stratum of airspace as subterranean land is not as widely used as airspace. Hence, if Howels theory is applied, the courts will have the complex task in overtly establishing how far below the soil a landowner has rights to; with consideration to Gray and Gray (2009) who suggest that it is unlikely to be much further than 200 metres below the surface59. Furthermore, one must clearly comprehend and differentiate the fact that Spranklings commentary in Owning the Centre of the Earth60 and opinions therein reflect his thoughts on American land law which, although can be compared to Britain in some respects, cannot be applied wholly or generalised entirely to British land law .

Top Three Shakespeare Villains

Top Three Shakespeare Villains While Shakespeare is known for penning many heroic monologues from Henry V  to Hamlet, lets turn our attention toward the immortal bards darker nature. Shakespeare has a knack for giving a sharp tongue to his tyrants, traitors, and antagonists. The following is a list of the three most villainous Shakespeare characters along with their best monologues. #1 Iago from Othello Iago is  Shakespeares most sinister (and in some ways most mysterious) character. He is the main antagonist in Othello. He is Othellos ensign and the husband of Emilia, who is the attendant of Desdemona, Othellos wife. A Machiavellian conniver, Othello deeply trusts Iago, and Iago uses this trust to betray Othello while still appearing honest.   Iagos motives also remain a mystery, leading to lengthy debates between theatergoers and Shakespeare scholars alike. While some argue his motivation is to be promoted, others believe Iago enjoys destruction for the sake of it. In Act II Scene III, Iago delivers one of his most villainous monologues  as he reveals his plot to overthrow Othellos sense of reason and trust. He explains his scheme to make it seems as though Othellos wife Desdemona has been unfaithful. Here are some quotes from the monologue that exemplify Iagos manipulative and mysterious nature: And whats he then that says I play the villain?When this advice is free I give and honest.How am I then a villainTo counsel Cassio to this parallel course,Directly to his good?So will I turn her virtue into pitch,And out of her own goodness make the netThat shall enmesh them all. #2 Edmund from King Lear Nicknamed Edmund the Bastard, Edmund is a character in Shakespeares tragedy, King Lear. He is the black sheep of the family, and self-conscious because he believes his father favors the so-called good brother over him. On top of that, Edmund is particularly bitter as he was born out of wedlock, meaning his birth was with someone other than his fathers wife. In Act I Scene II, Edmund delivers a monologue in which he reveals his intention to make a grab for power that will send the kingdom into a bloody civil war. Here are some memorable lines: Why bastard? wherefore base?When my dimensions are as well compact,My mind as generous, and my shape as true,As honest madams issue?Legitimate Edgar, I must have your land.Our fathers love is to the bastard EdmundAs to th legitimate. Fine word- legitimate!Well, my legitimate, if this letter speed,And my invention thrive, Edmund the baseShall top th legitimate. I grow; I prosper.Now, gods, stand up for bastards! #3 Richard from Richard III Before he can ascend to the throne and become king, the hunchbacked Richard, Duke of Gloucester, does a lot of double-crossing and killing first. In one of his more diabolical moves, he attempts to win the hand of Lady Anne, who at first loathes the power-hungry creep but eventually believes him sincere enough to marry. Unfortunately for her, she is completely wrong, as his villainous monologue  in Act I Scene II reveals. The following are excerpts from Richards speech: Was ever woman in this humour wood?Was ever woman in this humour won?Ill have her; but I will not keep her long.Hath she forgot already that brave prince,Edward, her lord, whom I, some three months since,Stabbd in my angry mood at Tewksbury?My dukedom to a beggarly denier,I do mistake my person all this while:Upon my life, she finds, although I cannot,Myself to be a marvellous proper man.