The Trenches Of World War I - 1355 Words

Introduction: World War 1 changed the world around it. More men fought than one could comprehend. World War 1 almost destroyed an entire generation of men. The battlefield for Australians were lined with trenches filled with disease, pests and the fallen where they had medical aid. They experienced traumas not yet known commonly at all. The war was not embellished for its inhumanity in its time but as we see now the men and women who helped with the war effort lived with fear of death, disease and infection. What Were the Trenches? Why was a System of Trenches Employed? In World War 1 trench warfare began. Trench warfare was a method of fighting where apposing armies fought from and defended their territories using a system of dug out†¦show more content†¦Were Men from all Armies Involved in Trench Warfare? At Which Battle Sites Were Trenches Dug? The Allies consisted of- Serbia, Russia, France (Raymond PoincarÃ' ), Romania, Belgium, British Empire (David Lloyd George/George V), United States (Woodrow Wilson), Italy (Vittorio Emanuele III/Vittorio Orlando), Brazil, Greece, Japan, Liberia, Montenegro, Portugal, Romania, Australia. The Central Powers consisted of- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire. These powers and allies fought each other on the Western Front, Eastern front, in Gallipoli, and France. The Western Front, Eastern Front and Gallipoli had trenches protecting them. What Were the Conditions Like for the Soldiers in the Trenches? Trenches were infested with rats, disease and mud. Rats infested the trenches. There were two kinds of rats- black and brown. Brown rats were the most feared as they gorged on more human flesh and could grow to the size of a small dogs. This quote describes rats perfectly- Great, sleek, corpse-fed rats ran in squads between our legs and over our feet as we stood. Their obscene squeaking could be heard at all times. Some men conceived an unmeasured hatred of these loathsome things, and were always trying to slaughter them. I wondered, as I stood, did they picture themselves as those scattered corpses- a prey to these. Imagination is decidedly not good for a soldier. It is one of the things Kipling forgot to tell us- George Mitchell. Disease

The Physics Of Combustion Engines - 938 Words

Throughout the life of combustion engines the goal has been to make them more efficient. Higher efficiency lead to increased engine performance and power output, and a reduction in fuel consumption. The Weber (We) number, shown in Equation (1), relates a fluid’s inertial forces to its surface tension forces making it useful in analyzing the atomization of fuel in a combustion engine. We=Dynamic PressureSurface Tension Pressure=⠍ ´U2(/D) (1) The three main things that are required for combustion are; fuel, oxygen and ignition. For an engine to achieve higher performance and run more efficiently, it is best to have a fully vaporized fuel. This leads to a more complete combustion and less waste. For best results the fuel droplets should be small, this will help them vaporize uniformly. When injecting fuel into combustion engines, a higher Weber number is desirable and will help produce a clean burning and efficient combustion cycle. By examining the Weber number more in depth, it is apparent that optimizing the parameters of Equation (1) will help raise the Weber number significantly and increase the performance of internal combustion engines. It is well known that a higher Weber number is better for good atomization of fuel in an internal combustion engine. The U shown in the Equation (1) is the velocity of the fuel relative to the surrounding air. A common atomization method for gasoline engines is to spray fuel at high velocities into the combustionShow MoreRelated The Physics of a Diesel Engine Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesThe Physics of a Diesel Engine The world we live in is surrounded by diesel engines. They are on the freeways, railways, airways, and are one of the leading electricity producers in the world. They are also becoming more popular in automobiles. These engines are efficient and reliable and they are getting very sophisticated. However, the physics behind these engines has not changed. 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Jean JosephRead MorePhysics for Industries1918 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION Physics attempts to describe the fundamental nature of the universe and how it works, always striving for the simplest explanations common to the most diverse behaviour. For example, physics explains why rainbows have colours, what keeps a satellite in orbit, and what atoms and nuclei are made of. The goal of physics is to explain as many things as possible using as few laws as possible, revealing nature s underlying simplicity and beauty. Physics has been applied in many industrialRead MoreApplications of Physics For Different Industries Essays1950 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION Physics attempts to describe the fundamental nature of the universe and how it works, always striving for the simplest explanations common to the most diverse behaviour. For example, physics explains why rainbows have colours, what keeps a satellite in orbit, and what atoms and nuclei are made of. The goal of physics is to explain as many things as possible using as few laws as possible, revealing natures underlying simplicity and beauty. Physics has been applied in many industrialRead More Scramjets - Hypersonic Jet Engines Essay1484 Words   |  6 Pagessimply abbreviated from Supersonic Combustion Ramjet, is the latest evolution of the jet engine family. NASA made the news with each test of the X-43A scramjet craft, so I set about to discover why this type of jet engine should garner so much scientific attention. Turbojet The most basic jet engine is the turbojet. As soon as the air enters the front of the engine, the blades of the compressor, compresses the air before funneling it into the combustion chamber. During the compression,Read MoreEssay on The Physics of Turbo Charging1263 Words   |  6 PagesThe Physics of Turbo Charging Turbo charging is one of the most efficient ways to make an engine preform better. They are very common on cars with smaller displacement engines and are even showing up on cars as a production item these days. As common as they are though, very few people truly know and why they work. They are fascinating even though they are fairly simple, or at least the principal behind them is simple. To under stand how and why a turbo charger works one must first understandRead MorePhysics : The Physics Of Physics1654 Words   |  7 PagesPhysics is defined as a branch of science that explains the properties of matter and energy. The study of Physics offers explanations for many topics like mechanics, light, heat, and electricity. Physics is present in all forms throughout a person’s life. It could be from the smallest crunch of an autumn leaf to the many ways energy is harnessed to support the lifestyle we’ve become accustomed. Physics is literally everywhere. Physics is most strongly presented in my life by automobiles, how physicsRead MoreThe Electric Car A Viable Sustainable Replacement For An Ice Car1569 Words   |  7 Pagescar a viable sustainable replacement for an ICE car? The electric car is not, by any means, a new concept. The electric car was first introduced in the 19th century, but as oil was more plentiful and much cheaper than electricity, the internal combustion engine came to the forefront of the transportation sector.1 Now, as oil reserves around the globe have reached the lowest since 1973 and gas prices the world over are soaring,1 the world has turned back to the electric car.1 The electric car was endorsed

Biotechnology Position Paper Essay Example For Students

Biotechnology Position Paper Essay Biotechnology Position Paper Essay Genetically engineered and modified foods are not only one of the worlds prime concerns, but have recently developed into one of the most widely debated issues in all of North America. Arguments aside, the problem is going to be one that the world is going to have to feel the results of, whether prepared or not. Newly expanded research regarding biotechnology presents a willing audience with a whole new outlook on just how far scientific investigation and expansion can go. The accelerating rate, at which these new progressions are being made, is a potential threat to the health of the people who are deemed the so called guinea pigs. Although it is deemed by some that genetically modified foods that are approved are considered by the government to be safe as their traditional counterpart there are still many effects that serve consideration before being labeled as safe. The outcome of these new manufactured goods is still unfamiliar to the consumer because the products are just too new and innovated at this point. Through the examination of the effects of engineered crops on agriculture, the experimentation and distribution concerns, and the scientific evaluation of increased toxicity levels and antibiotic immunities, one will unmistakably be able to see how genetically engineered and modified foods are not a trend that citizens should not buy into. The heightened and newfound interest in genetically engineered food should be looked upon with a watchful eye and should not be granted credibility until the consumer is sufficiently advised on the potential environmental effects that they can have on the land. There are still unknown mechanisms of genetic modification and breeding when pertaining to genetically modified crops. For one, scientists continually have to deal with unintended effects of random insertion of DNA. (Dewar, 2003) This can lead to any number of negative effects in the crop including, unbalanced levels of chemical, changes in enzymes, phenotypes and metabolites, and unappealing crops in appearance. Supporters of genetically engineered crops believe that this is a problem that can easily be overcome by better standardization, validation of measurements, and databases on natural variations but there still seam to be these various worries that keep the issue so strong. Some question the dependability of present-day genome databases and believe that there is not an adequate proofreading system, which leads to some of the problems at hand. (Isaac, 2001) While others suggest that there is not enough known about DNA and chromosome structures and functions and that is why there arte still so many questionable actions in the process. Pest and stress tolerance is problematic and disputed as well because with the development of such immunities to adapt to different environments, mutations can occur within the plan. Food quality is jeopardized through the modification of natural elements and centuries of reproducing as well. (McHughen, 2003) Suddenly there is more DNA crossing and gene sp licing taking place, so much so that many foods are unable to produce the way they could before. Also there is a lack of nutrients in the foods, compared to the actual foods pre-genetically modified. The promotions being made by pre-GM scientific establishments must be looked upon closely, as their words defining food quality may be misleading. (McHughen, 2003) For example, such words as vitality and wholesomeness can be very confusing as they imply that the food is good in all senses of the word. The word wholesomeness, implies that eh quality belongs to the whole organism and cannot be found by assessing the chemical composition. While vitality simply means the quality of being alive, and to be alive is to be full of life, and full of the constructive drive that sustains life. So in this sense, wholesomeness and vitality and closely related, have more of a positive connotation and seem to drown out all of the negative scientific facts that lay behind the words. .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2 , .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2 .postImageUrl , .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2 , .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2:hover , .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2:visited , .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2:active { border:0!important; } .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2:active , .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2 .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u46358373ad2a0ae4097ba6463a54c5b2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Is High performance what every organization aims for? Essay While they may satisfy the criteria of statistical significance applied to scientific tests accepted by an institution, they lack conceptual basis that could provide as explained based on reason and therefore make it quite difficult to distinguish between the truth and the glossy words that cover the truth from the consumer. It is .

The Terminal Man Essay Example For Students

The Terminal Man Essay The Terminal Man was about theneuropsychiatric section of a hospital doing a breakthroughsurgery to help reverse the effects of psychomotor epilepsy. The patients name was Harry Benson. Harry hadpsychomotor epilepsy because he hit his head in a caraccident and it resulted in brain damage. Harry was a goodsubject for the operation because he was brilliant, being acomputer programmer with top level government securityclearance. The type of epilepsy that he had caused him toblack out for periods of time and during his blackouts hewould become extremely violent and when he woke up heremembered nothing. The operation would envolve theinserting of two electrodes into the brain along with amicrocomputer in his neck and a plutonium power packlocated under his shoulder near his armpit. Harry had hisoperation soon after he was admitted to the hospital. Theoperation took roughly three hours and in that time theydrilled into his head and inserted the electrodes. They alsoput in the microcomputer and the power pack at this time. We will write a custom essay on The Terminal Man specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now After the operation was over Harry was heavily sedated andput in a room. After the sedatives wore off Harry snuck intoa closet and stole an orderlys gown and left the hospital. Hewas picked up by a lady named Angela Black, who Harrykilled when they got to her apartment. After the investigationof the murder of Angela Black Dr. Ross went home to takea shower. When Dr. Ross got out of the shower she foundHarry standing in her living room. The computer in Harrysneck was somehow malfunctioning and shocking him everyfew minuites. When the computer shocked him enough timesit would cause a siezure. After a few minuites of talking toDr. Ross, Harry had a siezure and attacked her. WhileHarry was choking her she reached and turned on themircowave, which messed up the atomic power pack in hisshoulder and caused him to pass out. When all of thedoctors got back to the hospital they got a phone call fromHarry that came from inside the hospital. They soon figuredout that he was in the basement near the main computer. Thecops and Dr. Ross went down to the basement to findBenson. When they found Harry he took off running so thecop went after him. Dr. Ross went into the computer sectionand found the main computer smashed. Suddenly Bensoncame into the room and saw that Dr. Ross had his gun whichshe had found near the computer. Harry asked for the gunand Dr. Ross said no. Harry came up to her and tried totake it and she shot him in the chest and he died. 3. Onepersonality trait in Harry is that he is smart and knows a lotabout computers. This effects the story line because he feltthat computers were taking over the world so he went andsmashed up the main computer at the hospital. 4. Im afallen man, Benson said. Ive succumbed. To what? Tothe process of being turned into a machine. Or a timebomb. Harry is telling Dr. Ellis about how he thinksmachines are taking over the world. 5. I feel I am most likeHarry. I am like him in that we are both somewhat intriguedby computers. I dont, how ever, share in his idea thatcomputers are concious and are trying to take over theworld. 6. The biggest surprise and dissappointment of thisbook is when Harry died. I thought that he would live andthe doctors could fix the computer and Harry would be finebut Dr. Ross shot him and he died. 7. One thing I wouldchange is harry dying. I would have had Harry live and getthe computer fixed so he would be alright. 8. My onesentance moral would be not to take computers for granted. .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c , .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c .postImageUrl , .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c , .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c:hover , .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c:visited , .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c:active { border:0!important; } .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c:active , .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1b64cec90113da015e3e6864df16876c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Passing By Nella Larsen EssayI say this because they can easily have glitches and thosemistakes can be costly and even fatal. 9. Yes, because itwasnt boring and it has a good story line that was exciting. Book Reports

Admission Essay Editing

Admission Essay Editing Admission Essay Editing Admission Essay Editing Writing admission essays is a lengthy process. However, even if everything is ok from your point of view, admission essay editing should not be neglected. It is worth to read your admission essay several times while editing the content of the paper as well as editing grammar and spelling errors. Editing admission essay allows you to refrain from repetition and to avoid stylistic errors. Admission essay topics may be different while the rules of editing are the same for all writings. Just follow the paper editing tips below and you will polish your writing. It is always better to read your writing from the first word until the last one. In addition, you should start editing essay with punctuation without paying attention to the spelling. Next, read admission essay in back order (from the last paragraph to the first) editing spelling. While editing spelling errors in the normal reading order, you will pay attention only to the meaning of readable proposals and might skip many mistakes. So, in the process of admission essay editing, ask yourself some questions about content of the paper. Keep in mind that content is the message you want to convey to the reader. Usually, the content of your admission essay is very difficult to evaluate. The only thing to do is to put aside your admission essay and write a brief message that you want to put in your paper. Then, finish writing introduction and conclusion and read main part of the paper. While editing, ask yourself whether the meaning of your admission essay is the same as in the short entries. If yes, it is good. Not really? Ask yourself the following questions to enhance admission essay editing: Does the paper answer all posed questions? If not, then you have problems: paper has to be rewritten. At best, squeeze missing information. But if you have enough time to rewrite your admission essay, you should not hesitate to start writing from scratch again. Does each point have supporting example? Even if you think that admission essay editing does not require examples, you will definitely find some inappropriate or unnecessary information in your writing. Exert your imagination, rummage in your memory and you will find wealth of interesting and relevant examples. Are the examples convincing, and, most importantly, are they personal? It is the best question for editing. Let's start with the last part. It is a bad idea to write à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“my friend made the same. In this case, more than ever the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I is appreciated. While checking persuasiveness turn to Critical Reasoning. Does the argument stand a criticism? Is the argument flawless? Alternatively, you may order custom admission essay writing at and we will edit or write from scratch your admission essay.

Great Wall of China Essay If You Have a Writer’s Block

Great Wall of China Essay If You Have a Writer’s Block The Great Wall of China can be righteously called one of the building miracles that survive in modern world. There is so much to say about it in your Great Wall of China essay that you might be lost at all the options. We have assembled some of them for you to consider and to choose one for your Great Wall of China essay. Great Wall of China Essay: Option #1 The Great Wall of China is a unique architectural construction, unrivalled in modern world. In your Great Wall of China essay, you can choose to conduct a historical and architectural investigation of this wonderful fortress. Trace historical sources as to when and by whom the Great Wall of China was built, as well as what function it performed. Did it accomplish its protective functions? Has it remained in the same condition through the centuries or was it rebuilt from different materials? These are just some of the many questions to consider in your Great Wall of China essay. Great Wall of China Essay: Option #2 Preservation of historical heritage is one of the key tasks for the educated people nowadays. You can dedicated your Great Wall of China essay to discussion of the state of the Great Wall of China. Has it preserved completely? Is it protected by law? Is it regularly maintained? What should be done to let our progeny see it in the same glory as it is now? Great Wall of China Essay: Option #3 There has been a lot of dispute on the visibility of the Great Wall of China from space. In your Great Wall of China essay you can track the documents on this matter and dwell on the issue. What conclusions do you reach from your research? Is the Great Wall of China visible from space or not?

ECONOMICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ECONOMICS - Essay Example In a perfectly competitive market where the consumer is well-informed of the prices of all commodities sold in the market, Perfectly Price Elastic goods are said to exist, wherein even just a very small increase in the price of the good will make the quantity demanded drop to zero. Cross-Price Elasticity (with Substitutes and Complements) Whereas Elasticity of demand refers only to one product, Cross-Price Elasticity is a study of demand elasticity between two goods in the market. Cross-Price Elasticity refers to inter-relation of two goods in the market, looking into the effects that an increase in the price of Good A procures to the quantity demanded of Good B. If an increase in the price of Good A increases the quantity demanded of Good B, then the two goods are said to be Substitutes, where Good A could just substitute and replace Good B, and vice versa, for the consumer demand. However, should the increase in the price of Good A pulls down the quantity demanded for both products , then it can be said that the pair of goods is a Complements.

The dangers of texting while driving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The dangers of texting while driving - Essay Example â€Å"According to the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, drivers talking on cell phones are 18 percent slower to react to brake lights†¦take 17 percent longer to regain the speed they lost when they braked† (Edgar Synder & Associates, 2013, para.53). This shows how drivers get distracted. Also, according to Ad Council (2011, para.1), â€Å"A texting driver is 23 times more likely to get into a crash than a non-texting driver.† Not only this, texting drivers are more prone to miss the traffic signs and lights, undergoing fines and penalties later on. There may be preventions, like keeping the phone locked in some phone gadget in the car; putting off the phone at all while driving; and, stopping the urge to text. All of this needs determination, and awareness, of course. To conclude, texting while driving is a very dangerous act since it threatens the lives of the drivers and others on the road. Drivers should be aware of dos and don’ts of driving safely, in order to prove themselves as responsible

Farm Bureau Federation Essay Example for Free

Farm Bureau Federation Essay The following year, the group put an end to its secrecy and opened it to all workers. The Knights of Labor advocated for several changes, some of which were earlier campaigned by NLU: creation of cooperatives, abolition of convict-labor competition, greenbacks, et al (Tindall and Shi, 19991, p. 914). However, the Knights of Labor was one step ahead of its time, accepting women and even black laborers. They also allowed membership to all workers, regardless of skills, which made the group extremely popular. While Stephens served as the fist leader, he gave way to Terence Powderly in 1879 (p. 542). He detested the use of strikes to fight for the labor and this led to some members backing out of the group. But the success of the Knights of Labor was still visible. In 1885, they led a victory against Jay Gould, a speculator. Gould had lessened the wages in his railroads. When the Knights of Labor intervened, Gould reinstated the wage cuts (p. 915). Victories such as these increased the popularity and membership of the knights of Labor. The group reached its peak in 1886 (p. 915). However, like all union groups at that time, the Knights of Labor fell down and ceased existence a few years later. Like NLU, the Knights of Labor attained marked achievements during its existence. For one, it was during its time when the Bureau of Labor Statistics was created (p. 916). Additionally, the Foran Act of 1885 was enacted, which castigated employers who would import contract labor (p. 916). Likewise, the Knights of Labor was responsible to instilling the value of unionism. The group fostered the sense of solidarity, uniting skilled and unskilled workers, regardless of sex, creed of color. At the same time of the Knights of Labor, another group had started to emerge. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was created in 1886 to unite national craft unions (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson and Williams, 1991, p. 543). Founded by Samuel Gompers, the group became the most important, emerging union by the 1890s. Gompers believed that majority of the workers would be workers all their lives, thus his goal was to uplift the lives of the workers. By the turn of the century, the group had around 500,000 members, surpassing the Knights of Labor (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 919). However, unlike the Knights of Labor, the AFL excluded unskilled workers, along with women, blacks and immigrants (Brinkley, 2003. P. 496). This led women to form their own groups, such as the Women’s Trade Union League (p. 496). The presence of different labor unions, ironically, hindered the progress of American labor. Racial and ethnic discrepancies made it impossible to unite laborers. Additionally, the surge of immigrants made it unfeasible to organize well especially since workers, even the natives, were prone to move around to look for higher-paying jobs. But one major force that kept American labor to rise was actually America itself. Corporate organizations wanted nothing more than to cream efforts of workers to seek higher wages, less working hours and safe working conditions. The government also was unable to help the laborers, perhaps for fear that that these corporate giants would pull out, thus affecting the national economy. Workers did not share in the profits raked in by these corporate giants during the industrial age. As America began to take shape as an urban nation,, the idea of socialism, which was then popular in Europe, had started to shore up. While socialism did not really fly high in the country, there were attempts to restore industrial unionism (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 924). The creation of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) served as a stepping stone (p. 924). The IWW was rooted in â€Å"class struggle† and its existence was based on the idea that there should be â€Å"harmony† between the capitalist and the working class (p. 924). However, as will all groups, tensions among and between members were widespread. In the end, IWW went kaput during World War I. As the twentieth century was ushered in, American labor was still unrest. In 1902, the Farmers’ Union was founded, followed soon by the American Farm Bureau Federation (Tindall and Shi, 1999, p. 1214). Organized labor saw a few setbacks, especially with the occurrence of the Red Scare which gave a bad image to the unions. It also did that help that a world war broke, putting many people in a depression. Some people stood out during this time, such as Henry Ford who pioneered higher pay rates, shortened work weeks and started paid vacations (Brinkley, 2003, p. 651). Workers, for the first time in their lives, soon became eligible for pensions (p. 652). Welfare capitalism helped laborers gain economic benefits but still was not enough; there was still discrimination among blacks and other immigrants. In 1921, business groups in Chicago initiated the American plan, which gave the employee the right to hire anyone (p. 1215). It worked well in theory but in reality, it signaled discrimination against union members. Additionally, there was what they call â€Å"yellow-dog’ contracts which obliged workers not to enter any unions (p. 1215). Some employees even started churning schemes such as profit-sharing, pensions, helath-programs and other benefits to keep employees away from unions. Such propaganda eventually led to a decrease in union memberships. By 1935, Congress enacted the Wagner Act, which initiated collective bargaining agreement between employees and employers (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 684). Additionally, the government established the National Labor Relations Board which was tasked to investigate labor-related cases (p. 684). AFL, which had survived, was having problems. Some AFL members founded the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) and in 1955 the two groups were merged (p. 685). President Roosevelt’s New Deal Reform had included the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 which reduced working hours and secured sufficient payment standards (p. 688). As the years passed on, American labor had managed to survive and progress. A changing environment for workers had started to shape, with both the government and corporations starting to see the plight of the laborers. References Brinkley, A. (2003). American history a survey 11th ed. USA: McGraw-Hill. Divine, R. , Breen, T. H. , Fredrickson, G. , and Williams, R. H. (1991). America the people and the dream. Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company. Jordan, W. and Litwack, L. (1991). The united states combined ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Tindall, G. and Shi, D. (1999). America: a narrative history vol. 2 USA: W. W. Norton and Company.

Divorce In The United States :: essays research papers

As we have come closer to the end of the millennium, it is been easier to obtain an escape from a broken marriage. There have been many laws concerning divorce enforced in the United States that allow a quicker processing time. These laws, often referred to as “no-fault';, grant a divorce to a couple even if only one spouse applies for it. Marriages can be dissolved easily and for little or no reason. Laws including this no-fault policy should definitely not be enforced. The no-fault attitude towards divorce encourages casual actions in marriages. Studies show that divorce rates have increased 15-25 percent as a result of the no fault divorce laws. Making it easier for divorces to occur can decrease the quality of a marriage. In general all marriages go through bleak times making one partner often think about solace through divorce. Instead of working through the problems in a healthy manner, divorce through the no fault laws are quickly utilized to provide escape. The breakdown of a family can have many repercussions on the individual members with the least involvement. The children involved in a divorce are often times the most impacted victims of a divorce. Children with divorced parents are often left feeling neglected by the parent that has chosen to move out, unloved, and often times burdened with feelings of guilt. The poverty rates of single parented households are alarmingly high, and are often the result of divorce. With all these factors added together, divorce is a dangerous and scarring event in a child’s psyche. Recently, with the no-fault laws, it has been easier to dissolve a marriage for any reason or for no reason at all. In the past, divorces as well as marriages had to occur as an agreement or as a contract of responsibility. Through the no-fault laws, however, marriages can be dissolved by the wishes of only one spouse. Many believe that courts should treat marriages as any other contract and thus a divorce should be considered a breach of a legal agreement. If courts treated business contracts as they treated marriages, and systematically favored the party that wished to withdraw, the direct result would be the collapse or decline in the economy. In conclusion, the lax no-fault laws concerning divorce in our country are contributing to the moral decay of our society and should not be enforced.

Social Media Essay

Writing Assignment: Social Media Essay. 3-4page paper: This paper is in three parts: 1) Discuss the social media in general, what it is, who uses it, how does it affect business; Social networking sites are based on the internet using by the computer, smartphone, or tablet that you able to access through Wi-Fi from anywhere. Companies use for improve teamwork or close to customers. Friends and families able to share pictures or greeting messages even they far apart. Everyone able to receive and share their personal interest and updated news. The social media is based on the internet with virtual communities that allowed people to share information, picture, or video. Definitely, social media does have more positive affect for individuals and companies. Today, however, there are always two sides of a coin. The individual account with social media is highly risk for security with person information. Facebook, blogs, wikis, RSS feeds, and podcasts are some of the social media that companies use to inform and persuade the public, to generate goodwill, and to build a positive brand awareness. 2) How do you use social media? Like and what I don’t like to use The great thing on the social media is a real-time update news. Another my favorite from the social media is sharing pictures within specific groups or public. However, most social media sites are connected world-wide. So it is never stop updating the message. Without self-control, it could disrupting personal daily task and routine. Also, social media sites using mostly slangs with comments such as lol, sth, asap, or more. Moreover, people use bullying or bitter word to hurt someone with anonymously comments. And, it has possible to reveal personal private life to unknown person who could use  for voice phishing. For example, my friend’s sister had phishing scam last year when she travel with friends. She posted some pictures on social network site that she was not in home. By somehow, the swindler found out and called their parents to asked ransom. 3) What are the different interesting and out of the way conversations going on in social media– that the general public may not know so much about– Also, discuss various mediums and methods to get one’s message across. For example, YouTube – advertising longer than public advertisement on television. What are the advantages and challenges? Also, how would you proceed with your virtual company using social media? Through social media for our iContol, I like to have announce experiential marketing for free to use about three to six months our product and first 100 people. Furthermore, our company can keep in touch with those 100 people’s feedbacks about product and service. In the conclusion, discuss which medium is preferred and why, how would you maximize its effects? Due Week 8 (submit under Week 8 Assignments)

Belonging Essay

An individual’s interaction with others and the world around them can enrich their feelings of belonging and acceptance, however feelings of insecurity can lead to isolation and rejection limiting the experience of belonging. The concept of belonging is feeling connected to another individual, group, place or object that evokes positive emotions within oneself. In contrast, not belonging leads to feelings of alienation due to a lack of understanding, separation or when forced to embrace unfamiliarity. Through the 1992 film ‘Strictly Ballroom’ directed by Baz Luhrmann, the children’s biography ‘ by Beverley McGregor and the punk rock song ‘Perfect’ by Simple Plan, composers illustrate both concepts of belonging and alienation . Through a range of cinematic and literary techniques these composers show how an individual’s interaction with others and the world around them can enrich and limit their experiences of belonging. Baz Luhrmann through the film ‘Strictly Ballroom’ utilizes costuming to suggest isolation as well as ‘belonging’ and how it can either enrich or limit an individual’s experience. This is highlighted in the first scenes when viewers are introduced, through the mocumentary, to the flamboyancy of characters from the world of ballroom dancing such as Liz in her trademark gaudy canary colored outfits, and Shirley Hasting in her pink ball gowns that are matched to her ornate fuchsia eye shadow and lipstick. In contrast the character of Fran is dressed in a shapeless, oversized t-shirt and a close up of her face shows her naturally troubled skin free from makeup, wearing a large pair of thick-framed glasses. This immediately segregates her from the rest of the competitors and supporters of Ballroom dancing, signifying to the audience that a lack of interaction with others can severely impact on ones sense of belonging. The split screen later in the film where Fran, in normal day clothes dances with Scott and on the other side of the curtain Tina Sparkle dances in her lurid sequined costume, further shows Fran’s alienation from the dancing world. However, the song she and Scott are dancing to is Doris Day’s â€Å"Perhaps†, suggesting that their partnership could possibly work. The shock on Shirley’s face and the use of the children as a Greek chorus ‘Fran.. who’d have thought’ also suggest an acceptance of Fran. This is soon dispelled as Fran trips and a low angle shot of Liz and Shirley as they attend to her and tell her to ‘go home’ reminds the audience who belongs. Shirley and Liz’s perception of ‘belonging’ is enriched through their interaction with each other and their compatibility with the world of ballroom dancing. When Scott is shown by Ricco how to dance the Passo Doble, a close up of his feet in dusty work shoes on bare timber of the floor contrasts with a previous close up of Scott’s feet in shiny shoes on a highly polished floor. However, it is on this rough-hewn timber that Scott finally learns to dance ‘from the heart’ and his experience of belonging is enriched. You introduce costuming here so keep to that – your next paragraph is camera shots so do not confuse the two here. You could talk of costuming and characterization here but do not discuss camera techniques when that is part of your second discussion of the core text. Similarly aspects of belonging and not belonging and how these feelings can enrich or limit an individuals experience are explored in Beverly McGregor children’s biography ‘Pink Balloons’. The protagonist Sky constantly suffers from alienation and rejection from her peers and their parents due to her recent diagnosis of HIV/AIDS. This can be seen through symbolism to express ‘Skye’s’ feelings of isolation, when she says to her carer ‘Do you like my picture, the octopus has nine legs instead of eight, he is crying because he is different to the others†. This shows her feelings of inadequacy due to her inability to interact with the world around her and the limitations she faces in order to become accepted. This can be further expressed through the somber tone of the protagonist Skye as she relays her grief stating to her mother â€Å"Mummy, its bad enough having AIDS without everyone staying away from you because they are scared they can get it too†. Thus Skye’s apparent isolation as can be seen through the discrimination she endures throughout the text, which significantly decreases her chances of interacting with others to enrich her own personal experience of ‘belonging’. Continue here†¦ In contrast, Skye’s experiences of ‘belonging’ are enhanced following her election to vice captain in her class as can be seen through the literary technique of a rhetorical question when Skye states â€Å"they could have picked anybody, but who did they choose? †. This highlights Skye’s ability to feel a part of the world around her as a result of her eventual acceptance in her class, despite the constant stigma attached to her and her contraction of the HIV/AIDS virus. Baz Luhrmann further exhibits belonging and not belonging and its effect on enriching or limiting an individuals experience in ‘Strictly Ballroom’ through the implementation of camera techniques. This can be seen in the split screen where Fran and Scott are caught dancing together behind the crimson colored show curtains. Fran in an ordinary day dress is juxtaposed with Tina Sparkle in her lurid costume and sequins on the other side of the curtains. Scott and Fran dance to the Doris Day song ‘Perhaps’ suggesting they could possibly be dance partners. After Fran falls to the ground and is dragged stage left by Shirley Hastings and Liz to the powder room a low angle point of view shot signifies the alienation of Fran. Fran is seated on a stool and stares up at Mrs. Hastings and Liz showing the obvious superiority Shirleyand Liz feel over Fran. and further highlighted when ‘Liz’ states â€Å"you’re a beginner Fran, what the hell did you think you were doing? † Fran is then left isolated staring up at the huddled group of women representing her separation from the world of ballroom dancing. When Shirley Hastings states, â€Å"I think it will be better if you just went home and forgot about all this nonsense† Fran’s rejection through this scene conveys her inability to enrich her experience of belonging in the world of ballroom dancing. Continue here†¦. In comparison the final dance scene highlights the enrichment of a sense of belonging. This is conveyed through a long shot of the ballroom, which captures the acceptance of Fran and Scotts ‘crowd-pleasing’ steps, when everybody begins to clap with Doug to enable them to continue their dance. Crosscutting between ‘The Pan Pacific Championships’ and Fran’s back yard is also utilized to express the relationship between Fran and Scott and their newfound connection with dancing. Scott no longer dances to win but for the love of the sport and to express the simplicity related to his relationship with Fran. This technique symbolizes that it does not matter where Fran and Scott dance as long as they are dancing together. The implementation of Diagetic sound the ‘Rumba De Burros’ in the concluding scene expresses the concept of belonging and allows the viewers to develop an understanding of the enrichment of ‘Fran nd Scott’ when they are accepted in the world of ballroom dancing just the way they are. Additionally the song ‘Perfect’ by the punk rock band ‘Simple Plan’ displays how isolation can limit an individual’s chance to belong. ‘Perfect’ encapsulates feelings of worthlessness and insecurity as it explores the concept of rejection from the composer’s own father quote needed. The use of repetition as can be seen through the words â€Å"I am sorry, I can’t be perfect†, and highlights how feeling inadequate can segregate an individual from their world. Repetition is effective as it reinforces the deviation of the composer and provides the audience with a clear understanding of the separation between the writer and his father. The reminiscent nature of the lyrics can be seen through the rhetorical question ‘Did you know, you used to be my hero? ’, this engages the listener and alerts them to the change in the relationship while expressing the passionate tone of the song and the eventual acceptance of the turbulent relationship by the protagonist. Colloquial language, â€Å"Hey Dad† appeals to a young audience and invites them to have an insight into the father and son’s personal life to allow them to understand the hurt that is felt by the son in their dysfunctional relationship. Likewise the song writer constantly uses rhetorical questions to address his father and express his feelings of inadequacy such as â€Å"Did I grow up, according to your plan?. Thus it can be understood that due to the rejection experienced by the lyricist at the hands of his father it limits his opportunity to experience a sense of belonging. You need to discuss the music when you talk about a song otherwise you must only talk about it as the lyrics†¦ In conclusion various composers have utilized literary, visual and sound techniques to convey aspects of belonging, and how this can limit or enrich ones reaction to the world around them. Through the analysation of ‘Strictly Ballroom’, ‘Pink Balloons’ and ‘Perfect’ we can enhance our understanding of belonging and different obstacles that prevent an individual from feeling accepted.

Microbes Petri Dish Experiment (Lab Report) Essays

Microbes Petri Dish Experiment (Lab Report) Essays Microbes Petri Dish Experiment (Lab Report) Paper Microbes Petri Dish Experiment (Lab Report) Paper Also, pupils from the senior school are going through puberty and tend to sweat a lot more than little kids, especially the boys. Sweat glands also work more rapidly with boys going through puberty, as their hormone levels are beginning to increase. During P. E classes, girls also are more reserved and are not as intense about sports during the day as the boys are. This is more of a social aspect than a scientific one, but is relatively true. On top of that, girls and boys generally have different standards when it comes to hygiene. Judging from personal experience, loud assume that girls tend to care more about their hygiene and aesthetics than boys do. Lastly, the Senior School gym has been there for quite a long time. The elementary school is still relatively new, especially compared to the senior one. Therefore, I also would assume that the senior school gym would have more microbes than the elementary. Variables: Independent variables: The independent variable for this experiment will be the location/area in which we will take samples from (Senior School, Elementary School girls and boys locker rooms). Independent variables generally answer the question What do we change? In this case, we get to alter the areas in which we will be sampling from. Dependent variables: Our dependent variable will be the number of microbes growing in an area. Dependent variables tend to answer the question What will we observe or measure? In this case, we will indeed be observing the microbes growing on the Petri dish after put in an incubator for 72 hours. Controlled variables: Controlled variables are there for us to keep constant. The temperature, time, medium, the way the sample is collected and the incubation will be our controlled variables. It is important that they remain the same throughout our whole experiment. Also, we will be having an open controlled as well as a closed Petri dish. We will be testing the agar dishes, to see if they really are as sterile as we think. If the open controlled will have bacteria growing on it after being incubated, that is as expected. However, the closed control should be spotless in order for our other results to be completely accurate. Apparatus: 3 Petri dishes with lids Agar jelly 4 cotton buds Incubator set at 25 degrees Celsius Tape Screw top vials Bunsen burner Soap Ethanol Four different locations Risk assessment: We must make sure to follow certain rules for this investigation. It is important to wash hands before eating and before class/at the beginning of class. Also, once the dish has been incubated, we should not open the lid. The incubator, for this experiment, must be kept below human pathogenic growing levels, which is 37 degrees Celsius. Sterile gloves should also be worn to collect samples for accurate results. Petri dishes should definitely be safely and properly disposed of when the experiment has ended. Method (sterile technique included): Before anything is done, it is important that hands are disinfected. Wash them with warm water and soap. It is important to wash them with warm water, as cold water does not clear away most of the bacteria. Afterwards, put on some sterile gloves to make sure sampling is done accurately. Following, make sure that there are two Petri dishes, one open controlled and closed controlled. One should be kept open the entire time, while the other should be kept closed. This is to test the sterility of the Petri dishes. Afterwards, take four cotton buds and screw top vials. For good results, you should wet the cotton buds with distilled water and then swab the areas you wanted to sample. After that is done, head back to the science lab, making sure that you have Petri dishes with agar jelly, tape, a Bunsen burner and ethanol. (All of this shouldve been done with sterile gloves on). For the best effect, operate the Bunsen burner with the safety flame. This should ensure that the atmosphere is relatively bacteria free. After, clean the table using ethanol (also to sterilize the area) and place the Petri dish (which you will swab with your samples) on top of the table. When that is done, swish the cotton buds lightly inside the Petri dish (one in each separate quarter) where the agar jelly should already be. Make sure you do not dig the cotton bud in, as we do not want the microbes to be growing in the middle of the jelly. We want to be able to observe the microbes from above. Finally, after all four quarters of the Petri dish are finished with swabbing, tape the open controlled, closed controlled and the experiment dish closed. To save place, tape those three altogether and place them in an incubator (25 degrees Celsius). This must stay constant, as e WOUld not like the incubator to reach human pathogenic temperature (37 degrees Celsius). After 72 hours have passed, take the Petri dish out, but do not open it. Observe and record the results. Below is a diagram of how everything was set up. Processed Data Discussion/Evaluation Overall, the experiment went quite smoothly. Of course, there couldve been improvements. The results shouldve definitely been more accurate, especially for the counting of the colonies that we did, and the percentage cover. We had a lot of microbes growing in our Petri dish and it was very difficult to count the exact amount of colonies. These were just estimated approximately. Perhaps we couldve had more people verify our counting skills, for example, get someone else to count the colonies after we did for comparison and accuracy. Also, for these four locker rooms, we swabbed different places/areas each time. Since locker rooms are quite large, this is rather imprecise. We shouldve stuck to swishing only the floors with the cotton buds or the walls instead of taking a variety. Our results showed that the place with the most microbes out of the four areas was the elementary boys locker room. In that quarter of the Petri dish, there ere a total of 78 colonies. Actually, I think there definitely were more. However, it was just too difficult to count, as most of them were clustered together, relatively small and the color was hard to see. Also, compared to the rest of the results, the elementary school boys locker room had a significantly higher percentage coverage and colony number. The next place with the most microbes was the elementary girls. They had a total of 47 colonies and a percentage cover of 43%. The difference between this quarter of the Petri dish and the elementary boys was that this one had larger colonies which were easier to count. They also werent so clustered and were scattered all over their quarter. Perhaps this is to do with how we swished the cotton buds on top of the agar jelly. The last two with the least microbes were the girls and boys senior locker rooms. The boys had about 34 colonies covering 30% of their quarter. This area looked quite similar to the elementary boys quarter. The colonies were both extremely small, very hard to count and clustered altogether. The only difference between them is that the senior boys generally had less in numbers. The senior girls had 19 colonies covering 20%. This was one of the most interesting quarters. The colonies itself were relatively small, however, they were clustered very tightly together to form almost a large group and was most definitely scattered around the quarter. The larger groups were definitely not in each others vicinities. This again, perhaps, has something to do with the way my partner and I worked with the Petri dish. We took turns swabbing the dishes, so perhaps that affected our results in some way. For example, maybe I put more pressure on the agar jelly than my partner did, or vice versa. Conclusion Unfortunately, for this experiment, most of my hypothesis was incorrect. However, now that Ive done the experiment, I can see why. The elementary boys locker room proved to be the one with the most microbes. I can deduce that this is because elementary school children tend to go outside a lot more and run around, getting themselves dirty in the process. One would hardly find any middle and high-school pupils running around and getting dirty. After all, small children even like to run around in the rain and cold, where certain microbes love to thrive in. My partner and I did guess right about the girls locker room having fewer microbes than the boys though. The elementary girls had less than the elementary boys and the senior girls had less than the senior boys. However, am not yet ready to accept these results.

ACT School Codes and College Codes for Score Reports

ACT School Codes and College Codes for Score Reports SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you taken the ACT or will you be taking it in the future?If so, you may have heard of ACT college and school codes. These codes are used to ensure that your ACT scores get sent to the proper school. Read on to learn everything you need to know about them. What Are ACT College and School Codes? ACT college codes are four-digit codes used to differentiate between different schools.Each college and university in the United States has its own unique ACT code.ACT, Inc., the company that creates and distributes the ACT, uses these codes as a way to reduce miscommunication and ensure that student ACT scores are sent to the correct schools. What Are ACT College and School Codes Used For? ACT college codes are used by ACT, Inc. to make sending official ACT score reports to universities easier and more accurate.When you register for the ACT, you have the option of sending your official scores to up to 4 colleges for free. Sending your ACT scores to a school lets them know you are interested in them. If you decide to apply to a school you sent your ACT scores to, those scores can be used as part of your application.The ACT school codes make it simple for you to choose which schools you’d like your scores to be sent to and minimizes the possibility of confusion there might be if you wrote or typed out school names. For example, if you wrote â€Å"Texas University† as one of the schools you’d like your scores to be sent to, ACT, Inc. wouldn’t know if you wanted your score sent to University of Texas at Austin, Texas AM University, or a different school entirely.ACT college codes help prevent this type of confusion. If you are sending SAT scores to schools, be aware that you cannot use ACT codes to do this.The SAT has its own list of college codes. ACT codes help reduce confusion when you choose which schools to send your scores to Where Can You Find ACT College and School Codes? While registering online for the ACT,there will be a section for you to enter up to 4 different school codes.When registering, you can search by code number if you already know the ones you need, or you can search for the names of the schools you’d like your scores to be sent to, and when you select them their school code will be automatically filled in on the registration form (see the screenshot below). If you’d like to look at the school codes before registering for the ACT or send your scores to more schools after taking the test, you can also search for ACT school codesand see the complete list of codes. If you’d like to send your scores to more schools after you receive your ACT scores, you can do so by calling, mailing, or submitting a request online.You do not need to have any codes memorized on the day of the ACT. That's one less thing to worry about! Note that while you can send your ACT scores to up to four schools when you register for the test, after those four schoolsthere is a charge (usually $12) for each additional school you choose to send your scores to. Summary ACT college and school codes are used to make sending your score reports to colleges easier and less confusing. ACT, Inc. has assigned each college and university in the United States a unique four-digit code. You will pick up to four schools you'd like your scores to be sent to when you register for the ACT, and you can also send additional score reports after you take the test. If you also want to send SAT scores to schools, you'll need to use a different set of codes. What's Next? Trying to get a high ACT score?Of course you are! We have a list of 21 tips to help you raise your ACT score! Wondering how you should study for the ACT? We've compiled a list of the best ACT prep websites that you should be using. What other information is important to know before taking the ACT?Check out our guide on the ACT rules you need to know before taking the exam. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Christine Sarikas About the Author Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. In high school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries. 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Report of Toyota Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Of Toyota - Lab Report Example gement mechanism- in order to allow every signatory to translate the mission of the UNGC, it has set goals at both international and local levels to diffuse through all layers of businesses and society. Since inception, Toyota has zeroed in on sustainable development and eco-friendly technology by providing innovative and quality automobiles to the society that are more fuel efficient (Appendix 1) (Toyota n.d). To elaborate further, we have categorized the business practices at Toyota into sections that detail about how it strives to keep pace with international treaties and regulations. Corporate Social Responsibility- Economic development should be shared with environment protection, this is the core element of Toyota and as such, it has incorporated biodiversity guidelines in its Charter and Code of Conduct. TMC has drafted a Corporate Social Responsibility policy that fits well to the guiding principles of the Global Compact. The environment plan in the CSR policy includes manufacturing competencies and designing with recycling capabilities. Supply Chain Regulations- In order to abide by the environmental regulations, TMC checks the labor conditions, local and community situations and the environment on whole before establishing alliance with any of the suppliers. The suppliers are even monitored and trained to determine whether they abide by the guiding principles of Toyota. Raw Materials- Toyota abides by the REACH Regulation (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical Substances) of the European Parliament that directs the suppliers to consider the safety of SVHC (Substances of Very High Concern) in their supply chains. As such, Toyota adheres to the current REACH regulations and has designed its supply chain with an environment perspective where most of its raw materials are recyclable. Recycling- As discussed above, Toyota maintains an Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR) recycling plant with a recovery rate of 80% (Steinweg

Expatriate Adjustment of Spouses and Expatriate Managers Case Study - 42

Expatriate Adjustment of Spouses and Expatriate Managers - Case Study Example There were times when she used to cry and we tried to support her during that time and be close to her†¦it was difficult for all of us† (Andreason, 2008). The problem, in my opinion, despite the pressures of children getting by in a foreign country, zeroes down on the language barrier (Andreason, 2008). The problems could have been handled by taking beginner and proficiency courses in the individual languages before they left home. As Andreason (2008 p. 382) points out, another problem is the perceived lack or presence of organizational support. For some expatriates and repatriates, the countries they were situated in could make or break their stay, resources, and performance. One British male says, â€Å"the expat thing, they help you how to find a house†¦sort out the bits and the balls as it is daunting and very time consuming to do it in a different language†¦compensation, additional support one receives, housing agencies and a trip home every year† (Andreason, 2008). It is in itself an opportunity. But in its absence, the person suffers as shown in another expatriate who says â€Å"...Little support in making the transition. No formal program to...put you in an apartment, orient you in the city†¦that was irresponsible† (Andreason, 2008). How to solve this before the expatriates left home was to familiarize themselves with the terms and conditions of the job (Andreason, 2008). If all these services were not provided by the host countries and companies, they would have contracted companies providing such to avoid frustrations when they arrived. Andreason (2008) concurs that cultural bias could be another problem with expatriates. In Germany, for example, the model of the male being the bread-winner for the family is quite predominant. In this case, any female expatriate would expect perceptions about them with respect to organizational support or the work-family conflict to be biased in a German context before even moving to the country.  

Hospitality Organizations for Self-Service Technology Assignment

Hospitality Organizations for Self-Service Technology - Assignment Example Notably, the population of the study included 216 employees who work in three participating hospitality organizations during April 2006 (Lema, 2009). All the participants in the population were volunteers while the participating organizations offered diverse workforce in the food, beverage, entertainment, and lodging industry (Lema, 2009). Specifically, the sample participants included employees working in three participating hospitality organizations during April 2006. The sample participants included 71 supervisors, 141 non-supervisors, 111 females, and 101 males (Lema, 2009). The original sample size included 216 employees while the final sample size included the position, gender, and ethnicity of 212 participants (Lema, 2009). Ideally, the study clearly described the sampling method by selecting the demographic variables that define the study. Indeed, the sampling method defined the position, gender, and ethnicity of participating employees in the hospitality industry. The sampling method defined the period for the study and classified the participants into supervisors and non-supervisors (Lema, 2009). It also defined the proportion for gender into 48% males and 52% females (Lema, 2009). Ultimately, it classified the sample into ethnic groups including African American, American Indian, Asian, Caucasian, Hispanic, and Paciï ¬ c Islander (Lema, 2009). Ideally, the sampling method was adequate for this study in that it addressed all the demographic variables that influenced the results for the study. The researches study on the factors that inï ¬â€šuence employee readiness to engage in and support self-directed processes used various instruments, which included Oddi Continuing Learning Inventory (OCLI) and Generalized Self-Efï ¬ cacy Scale (GSE) (Lema, 2009). Most specifically, the GSE instrument sought to assess self-beliefs of personal capabilities of the employee while the OCLI instrument sought to assess employees’ levels of self-directed learning

Customer Relationship Management In Hospitality Industries Tourism Essay

Customer Relationship Management In Hospitality Industries Tourism Essay Customer Relationship Management, or CRM, has many perspectives and definitions that illustrate its fundamental thrust, that of trying to present a holistic strategy for managing customer relationships by getting to know the customers and their needs better, communicating with them more effectively and trying to fulfil these needs (Payne, 2005, Pp. 1 2). Because CRM is about getting to know customers and their needs better, it is about implementing specific Information and Communication technology projects within an organisation to process organisational data to deliver knowledge about customers and their needs. It is now possible for organisations to implement more effective and sophisticated technology solutions for processing customer related data because computers are now far more powerful and cheaper compared to what they used to be, with a vastly increased storage capacity. In addition, businesses and organisations can now store vast amounts of data about their customers on co mputerised systems that can communicate more effectively with individuals and other computer systems using technologies for the Internet. Companies in all sectors, including the hospitality and tourism sector, now routinely engage their customers on the World Wide Web and process customer data to deliver more useful products and services at competitive rates (Gretzel, 2010, Pp. 1 48 63 72). Thus, CRM presents opportunities leading to higher profitability and superior competitive advantage (Roberts, 2005, Pp. 315 316). It is important for modern hospitality organisations to try to increase customer occupancy rates and customer experience in a tough and rapidly changing business environment that presents intense competition (Minghetti, 2003, Pp. 141 143). Thus, managers associated with the hospitality sector, including the hotels and tourism sector must have a deep knowledge of customers needs, behaviours, and preferences to offer services that deliver value to create customer retention, value and loyalty. In addition, it is important to try to communicate effectively with customers in a timely manner and to encourage them to engage in a dialogue with an organisation that can benefit everyone. Thus, customer-centric information systems are important for the hospitality industry, which must use these systems to develop effective relationships with customers to serve them better, encourage them to use more offerings from an organisation and to get to know about their needs in order to satisfy them an d to retain them. It is important to understand that customers are the lifeblood of an organisation and without customers, there will be no revenues and no organisation. Customers who are not satisfied or fulfilled leave to benefit from others who can offer more and this means that efforts directed towards trying to maintain effective customer relationships are now essential for all organisations, including those operating within the hospitality and tourism sectors. It is far more expensive to try to get a new customer than it is to retain and to earn from an existing customer (Buttle, 1996, Pp. 155). The collection and use of customer information, its effective analysis and use for delivering to customers are now more important than ever before (Minghetti, 2003, Pp. 1 2). To understand better the importance of CRM in hospitality industries, it makes sense to try to carry out an in-depth investigation into the topic of discussion from the perspectives of customers, managers and other stakeholders, including employees, from within the context of a place with established hospitality industry that has achieved a reputation for excellence around the world. Edinburgh, in Scotland is a suitable location for such an investigation, not only because the author of this dissertation studies nearby, but also because in addition to being the United Kingdoms favourite domestic holiday destination, Edinburgh is now a world renowned destination for its festivals, events and conferences (Susan, 2008, Scotland A World Class Product). Susan (2008, Scotland A World Class Product) goes further to state that Edinburgh is the most favourite city in the United Kingdom to hold a conference and the demand for rooms for guests is fast outstripping supply. Edinburgh is at the forefront of hospitality and tourism in terms of innovation and quality and the hospitality sector in this city employs 31,000 people, which is nine percent of the workforce (Edinburgh Tourism Action Group, 2010, Edinburgh Tourism Framework for Growth 2007-15). According to the previously mentioned publication, Edinburgh won the Guardian / Observer Travel Award as the UK best city for seven consecutive years and tourism generates more than  £ 1.7 billion expenditure in this city. Efforts are ongoing to maintain Edinburgh as a competitive tourism destination of world class and to try to expand on its potential. Thus, it makes sense to try to examine how the hospitality industry in Edinburgh uses CRM to attract customers and to deliver more to Edinbu rgh and its tourists. The research presented in this dissertation attempts to examine the importance of CRM for the hospitality industry in Edinburgh by presenting a review of selected literature, a customer survey, insights from senior managers and executives from the hospitality and tourism industry in Edinburgh and opinions from those who have the real ground-level knowledge, the employees working within the hospitality sector. 1.1 A Discussion of the Problem for Research Marketing is important for the hospitality industry and for marketing for a successful hospitality organisation should touch the customer (Buttle, 1996, Pp. 155 157). The hospitality product is highly personalised with a substantial intangible content judged on experience. Relationship marketing is important for hospitality because the hospitality market with its ongoing and periodic demand in the face of competition presents a greater need for relational efforts and an understanding of the needs of customers. A need for the personal touch exists in hospitality and information technology provides opportunities for using information about customers to deliver the personal touch in novel ways. However, it is important to deliver correctly the CRM effort, based on the right information analytics and using the right channels to make a positive impact for the customer and the hospitality organisation. Despite the fact, that CRM has continued to present a promise of effecting improvements in corporate profitability, performance, customer retention and customer satisfaction, the proper implementation of CRM in an organisation is essential for success (Van Bentum, 2005, Pp. 28). CRM literature not only reports successes, it also reports a large number of failures in situations when well thought ought CRM solutions were not implemented correctly to impact the customer and to benefit an organisation. Thus, it is important to try to find out how the hospitality industry in Edinburgh is effectively making use of CRM in its efforts to compete with destinations from the rest of the United Kingdom, Europe and the world. It is far easier to articulate CRM than it is to implement it (Dickinson, 1999, Pp. 11 12). Today, the hospitality industry needs exceptional marketing that has the capacity for delivering the long-term customer who profits the business over time to emerge as a business partner. Thus, it is important to know the right way for CRM in hospitality and to get to know how the winners are making use of this new marketing reality for hospitality. For the small business operator in the hospitality sector, a customer information database that has evolved over time is likely to serve well using personal computers and internet connectivity if business continuity persists. However, for a large luxury hotel chain, resort or hotels involved with hosting and arranging conferences, the equation becomes more complex. In the present day and age, the design of CRM system emphasises linking knowledge management in organisations with CRM to try to enhance operational and strategic efficiencies (Xu, 2005 , Pp. 955 956). Thus, hospitality organisations and businesses must not only try to use CRM implementations effectively, but it must also be ensured that the right CRM implementation is serving an organisation by capturing the right data to perform the right analysis to present the most useful of results. With the passage of time, the lifestyles and preferences of customers change, customers become more demanding, new customers become involved with organisations and the business environment places new demands on businesses. Thus, it is not possible to say that knowledge acquisition for CRM in hospitality will be a once only exercise that will not be required on a continuous basis. A requirement exists for understanding CRM implementations, processes, practices and techniques with a view for making projections for the future to benefit most from this essential and important component of hospitality marketing. 1.2 Rationale for the Study It is important to consider the fundamental reason or reasons serving to account for something, or a statement of reasons when contemplating a research study because such an approach serves to elucidate, the aims of a research project or that which is required to be researched. For this dissertation, rationale for undertaking research into CRM in hospitality industries in Edinburgh is important because this influences the thrust of research into the topic of discussion. Clearly, an understanding of CRM and its implementation is not only of importance to the researcher who intends to make a career in the hospitality management, but it is also important for Edinburgh, Scotland and all destinations with an interest in enlarging and enhancing hospitality and tourism industries. Thus, a research project involving CRM in hospitality will benefit the industry and the place where the research is carried out to present new insights into what hospitality management should aim for in the future. Many of the more successful and ambitious hospitality establishments from around the world have practices in place to manage customer relationships (Lo, 2010, Pp. 139 156) and (Pechruttanamunee, 2008, Pp. 134 142). Not only is it likely that the more traditional forms of CRM will continue to play an important role in the evolution and success of hospitality organizations, but it is also likely that eCRM, which is made possible by advances in computer and communicatio n technologies, will present a new global meaning to marketing for hospitality at a destination. Thus, the right way to deliver, manage and to drive the CRM effort in hospitality will make the difference and is worth researching in depth. 1.3 Significance of the Study An examination of literature available in learned journals and books on the subject suggests that a very large body of published literature is available for CRM in organisations and the number of published research studies on CRM in hospitality is increasing. However, although a keen interest exists in Edinburgh and Scotland for promoting and further enhancing the hard won competitive advantage in hospitality and tourism for this city, little is available in terms of what role CRM plays in hospitality industries in Scotland and how better, more effective CRM strategies may be implemented for greater success. Thus, it is likely that this study will not only serve to add to the knowledge about CRM in hospitality, but it will also serve to highlight and to emphasise the importance of CRM in the hospitality industries of Edinburgh and Scotland. It is very likely that an effort to examine CRM practices and implementations in the hospitality industry in Edinburgh will present new insights and ideas that will be use to all with an interest in the management of hospitality and tourism. 1.4 Purpose and Research Questions The following research questions are of interest in the research presented for this dissertation: What is the thrust of CRM strategies in the hospitality industries of Edinburgh? What impact has CRM made on the hospitality industries in Edinburgh and is it possible to improve or to innovate further? What are the critical factors that influence deployment, development, planning and implementation of CRM in the hospitality industry in Edinburgh? What role does technology play in the delivery and implementation of CRM in the hospitality sector in Edinburgh? How has CRM shaped the corporate culture and vision for the hospitality sector in Edinburgh? What rewards has CRM presented to the hospitality sector in Edinburgh? How has CRM influenced the design and delivery of competitive and superior services for the hospitality sector in Edinburgh? What essential framework for the implementation of CRM has emerged in the hospitality sector for Edinburgh? What is the alignment that characterises CRM success for hospitality industries and businesses in Edinburgh? A literature review that attempts to examine and to present relevant perspectives on the importance of CRM in hospitality industries is in the next chapter. Chapter 2 Review of Relevant Literature and Research In the tourism and hospitality industries in general and the hotel industry in particular, Customer Relationship Management (CRM) becomes important as travellers become more price sensitive, less brand loyal and more sophisticated (Sigala, 2005, Pp. 391 392). In the present day and age, information technologies have made it possible for shoppers to make instant comparisons between hospitality and tourism offerings on websites and this means that it is important to implement CRM efforts to ret to retain customers and to provide them with better than what the competitors offer. The hotel industry around the world in particular is experiencing increased globalisation, competition, higher customer turnover, growing customer acquisition costs and rising customer expectations not only because the financial recession and competition but also because prospective customers can quickly make comparisons. Depending on the nature of hospitality business in which an organisation is involved, proc esses for automated data collection and analysis for influencing engagement with the customers are possible. Ryals (2001, Pp. 531 535) states that CRM in hospitality and service industries is important because efforts directed towards trying to enhance customer relationships pay in terms of offsetting high customer acquisition costs for those customers that use certain types of service offerings frequently. After covering acquisition costs, a stream of profit flows emerges for the previously mentioned customer and the longer a customer stays with a hospitality firm, the higher the profit. Thus, CRM helps to offset acquisition costs and to generate higher profits. In addition, the return from CRM increases even further when satisfied customers refer other potential customers who add to the bottom line for an organisation. Because efforts to develop a relationship with customers have generally positive effects on customers, a relationship with a hospitality organisation has a value for customers who associate with a brand to become price insensitive. The impact of efforts to enhance CRM in hospitality organisations are likely to result in the following (Ryals, 2001, Pp. 535): Long-term retention of selected customers Gathering and integrating information on customers An emphasis on data mining and analysis of customer data An emphasis on customer segmentation in terms of lifetime value Identification and micro-segmentation of markets for types of offerings Efforts towards enhanced customer value creation An emphasis on the delivery of customer value through channels optimised for serving various market segments A shift in emphasis from management of product portfolios to the management of portfolios of customers, resulting in efforts directed towards optimising an organisation to serve better customer segments Sigala (2005, Pp. 409 410) goes further to suggest that profound change in service marketing, including marketing for hospitality and tourism, demands that an emphasis exist for customer retention, customisation of products and customer focused processes that incorporate Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for collecting and processing customer data. Processed data is required to deliver customer insights, superior customer relationships and design of superior products and services. The previously mentioned author suggests an integration of ICT, knowledge management and CRM for hotels and the hospitality industry. However, CRM can and does exist in small hospitality and tourism establishments without the implementation of elaborate ICT applications, and it is important to try to have a good fit between the CRM implementation and the business. It is important to understand that with a good fit, the integrated CRM system will present opportunities for improving staff skil ls, competencies, the working environment and services in addition to enhancing customer relationships. The advent of e-commerce has meant that online intermediaries on the web present a threat to hospitality operators because although such intermediaries do present opportunities to customers to select after comparing a number of offerings, they do not always correctly depict the true value of offerings (OConner, 2004, Pp. 474 476). By implementing CRM efforts, hospitality establishments are in direct contact with customers and they can try to sell the value of their offerings to customers with a personal touch that is missing with online intermediaries. To illustrate the point, it is possible to suggest that by mailing a hotel magazine to selected customers who qualify, it will be possible for a hotel to keep customers informed about developments and at the same time to offer new or discounted products to try to maintain and enhance customer interest. In the age of Internet and the World Wide Web, post visit presentations, including magazines or other advertising literature from hosp itality establishments will neither be expensive to deliver nor late in a fast changing world full of new developments. CRM in the hospitality industry has the potential for reducing marketing expenditure and for increasing sales, but it is important to ensure that potential data-ownership dilemmas are in control so that CRM can work optimally at the brand level (OConner, 2004, Pp. 480 481). Effective data mining using artificial intelligence and sophisticated statistical techniques for data analysis on warehoused data is important for CRM, especially for the large hospitality organisations. However, the previously mentioned author suggests that the regional proliferation of Internet and interest in web-based interactions determines how effective eCRM will be when focusing on a region. The developed world with a more prolific proliferation of the Internet is far more suited to eCRM compared to regions in the developing world with limited access to ICT. In addition, large multinatio nal hotel chains must practice and present effective knowledge sharing for international hotel joint ventures (Magnini, 2008, Pp. 249 252). Hence, clearly CRM implementations in hospitality present both risks and opportunities. OConner (2004, Pp. 482) states that the hospitality industry spends millions of dollars on information technology acquisitions every year, but not much published material exists about the management of acquired information technology resources. According to Ozgener (2006, Pp. 1356 1358), senior management commitment and adequate budgets are important for CRM implementations in the hospitality industries. CRM implementations in the small and medium hospitality firms are likely to feel the effects of innovation quality, customer relations, communication-distribution infrastructure and business dynamics. Business dynamics, which refers to change imposed on businesses due to economic, social, technological and environmental change, is important for CRM because it is such change that demands new offerings from businesses to retain customers in the face of competition. Although the smaller hospitality firms will have less to spend on CRM, they are likely to be more interested in having CRM systems because existing customers are far more important to the smaller businesses compared to the larger ones. Thus, within the context of the hospitality industries existing in a city or a region, CRM implementation within small and large h ospitality businesses may vary, depending on the peculiarities of the place. The previously mentioned, together with barriers for the implementation of CRM in hospitality, is likely to be something that will be worth investigating in the small-scale research project for the importance of CRM in Edinburgh. In addition, the more important goals for implementing CRM in hospitality are also worth investigating because the relative reasons for an interest in CRM are likely to differ. It is possible to use CRM systems in hospitality firms for decreasing costs, sustaining competitive advantage, improving customer services, improving customer retention, acquiring new customers or for increasing profits. However, the relative priority reasons for CRM implementation may vary from firm to firm. Oronsky (2007, Pp. 944) suggests that CRM implementations in hospitality industries are not just limited to hotels, resorts, airlines or travel agencies because it is possible for restaurants to benefit from such implementations and a strategic thrust for CRM. The previously mentioned author suggests that chain restaurants and independent full-service restaurants may benefit from information technology and CRM implementations that effectively use IT for engaging customers and better understanding their needs. Within the restaurant sector, information technology has made an impact on the dining experience of customers and the way in which meals are prepared, even though according to the previously mentioned authors, some researchers suggest that the hospitality industry is not technology oriented. However, it is clear that if information technology for implementing CRM systems can benefit large hotel chains, then there is no reason why the same technology cannot benefit chain restaura nts. Oronsky (2007, Pp. 942) states that within the restaurant industry, information technology has the potential for minimising costs, providing support for superior employee and revenue management, enabling analysis of customer preferences and optimising menus for target costs that will appeal more to customers. Thus, despite reservations expressed by some researchers about hospitality not being a technology industry, other researchers suggest that it is likely that more than 50% of the change that will have an impact food service within the hospitality sector will involve technology influences. Thus, it is clear that a potential exists for using information technology and CRM systems within the food service sector in hospitality organisations. According to Oronsky (2007, Pp. 944), customer feedback and analysis of customer needs is as important for restaurants as it is for any other hospitality operation. Like hotels, airlines and tour operators, restaurants too can engage customers using websites and receive comments, feedback, suggestions or survey results presented on the web. For large restaurant chains, it is possible to implement systems for deciding about how well menu items are doing across the entire chain, and it is possible to enhance customer relationships by using imaginative ways, including deal offerings, special promotions, joint offerings with other businesses or offerings related to food events, etc. Thus, clearly technology facilitates information management, knowledge management and engagement with the customer even in the food service sector. In the business environment that prevails today, CRM is as important for airlines as it is for other hospitality industries because serving and having the customer counts and influences the bottom line (Cheng, 2008, Pp. 487 490). CRM is likely to make a difference for airlines in their effort to retain and attract the frequent flyers because relationship marketing emphasises maintaining long-lasting relationships with customers and a significant proportion of airline customers, even during the tough economic times, are business travellers who fly more frequently than tourists do. Thus, it is clear that the character of airline service offers many opportunities for practicing the relationship marketing approach and many airlines do maintain frequent flyer databases that are useful for deciding about customer requirements and for engaging the customer. Because airline operations present a substantial dependence on computers and information technology for reservation systems, schedulin g and maintenance activities, it is quite possible to incorporate effectively CRM implementations as an addition to existing information technology support systems. For airline CRM that delivers results, it is important to ascertain what keeps customers loyal to airlines and how airlines can respond better to offerings presented by competitors (Cheng, 2008, Pp. 488 489). Loyal customers do appreciate rewards for patronage by loyal customers if airlines present competitively priced offerings that are comparable in quality to offerings from competitors. Although, it is very likely that the touch, the thoughtfulness, benefits and the effort will count in CRM for airlines, customers must be satisfied with the price for quality and type of service offerings. Thus, enrolling customers in frequent flyer programs is not a guarantee of customer loyalty because service quality and service recovery policies in case of service disruption are important for frequent flyers. Clearly, a frequent flyer is likely to prefer an airline that checks them into a decent hotel and presents meals instead of leaving them to wait it out in a departure lounge if a substant ial flight delay persists. A balance must exist between rewards for frequent flyers with the care that airlines can offer to such customers who must constantly be on the move to attend to important business matters. In the present day and age, the digital market on the World Wide Web made possible by the Internet is important for airlines, and it is important that airlines lean closer to their customers to try to cut off agents and other intermediaries. In addition, the previously mentioned author suggests that airlines need to emphasise customer orientation, domain expertise, interpersonal relationships, service recovery performance and the judicious use of information technology to make an impact with customers that will result in superior relationship quality. From a customer perspective, domain orientation or the quality of offerings made by an airline and the quality of its employees are of the greatest importance to customers and this means that it is important to tune the CRM system for presenting superior offerings that benefit customers most. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 The chapter, which follows, presents a discussion about the methodology for this dissertation. Chapter 3 Methodology / Methods Used 3.1 Research Approach for the Thesis 3.2 Preparation of a Literature Review Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Discussion A discussion about the conclusions derived from the results of the literature review and the interviews are in the next chapter. Chapter 6 Conclusion, Recommendations and Suggestions for Further Work Appendix A (This page intentionally left blank)